INTRODUCTION TO PRC II

CE-401 PLAIN & REINFORCED CONCRETE-II

3+0

Schedule: Tuesday and Thursday 08:00 am to 9:30 am

Venue: Computer Lab-4
Objective:
To give concept to students about the conventional and advanced
designing approaches for various structural elements.

Course Contents
Flat Slab, Flat Plate and Waffle Slab: Analysis and design of flat
plate, flat slabs and waffle slabs, for flexure and shear under gravity
loading.
Slender Columns: Analysis and design of slender columns subjected
to combined flexure and axial loading, Guidelines for design of shear
walls-an over view.
Design of Different Types of Foundations: Analysis and design of
eccentric, strap, strip and mat footings, piles and pile caps, Buoyant
Footings.
Stairs: Analysis and Design of Various Types of Stairs and Staircases.

Pre-stressing
Principles & Design Philosophy: Principles of prestressing, properties of high strength materials,
Importance of high strength concrete and steel used in
pre-stressing, Behavioral aspects of pre-stressed beams
and comparison with reinforced concrete beams, posttensioning and pre-tensioning techniques, Profiles of
post-tensioned tendons, bonded and non-bonded
tendons, comparison and hard-ware requirements.
Pre-stress Losses: Pre-stress losses, immediate and
time dependent losses, lump sum and detailed
estimation of pre-stress loss.
Analysis and Design: Simply supported pre-stressed
beams for flexure and shear.
3

Books Recommended

Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D. and Dolan,

C.W., Design of Concrete Structures
Fourteenth Edition
McCormac, J.C. and Nelson, J.K., Design
of Reinforced Concrete Sixth Edition
Nilson A.H., Design of Pre-stressed
concrete, John Wiley and Sons.
Gregor, J.G.M. Reinforced Concrete
Design, Prentice Hall
4

Weekly Course Distribution

Wee
k

Topics to be covered

Overview one-way slab. Analysis and design of

01 flat plate for flexure and shear under gravity
loading.
Analysis and design of flat slab for flexure and
02 shear under gravity loading, Overview of
waffle slab.
Introduction to columns, overview of short
03
columns. Introduction to slender columns.
04 Analysis and design of slender columns.
05 Overview of various types of staircases.
06

Overview of shear wall design, isolated footing

and rectangular footing.

07 Design of combined footing.

08 Analysis and design of strip and strap footings.

Comments

Assignment: 01

Quiz: 01
Assignment:
(DD)
Assignment:

Assignment:
(DD)
Assignment:
Quiz: 02
5

01
02
02
03

Week
10
11

12

13

14

15

Topics to be covered

Comments

Assignment:03
Analysis and design of eccentric, mat footings,
(DD)
and buoyant footings.
Assignment: 04
Overview of piles and pile caps.
Quiz: 03
Principles of pre-stressing, Properties of high
strength materials, Importance of high strength
Assignment:04
concrete and steel used in pre-stressing,
(DD)
behavioral aspects of pre-stressed beams and
comparison with reinforced concrete beams.
Post tensioning and pre-tensioning techniques,
profiles of post tensioned tendons, bonded and Quiz: 04
non-bonded
tendons,
comparison
and Assignment: 05
hardware requirements.
Pre-stress
losses,
immediate
and
time
dependent losses, lump sum and detailed
estimation
of
pre-stress
force,
simply Quiz: 05
supported pre-stressed beams for flexure and
shear.
Assignment:
Design of Pre Stressed Beams
6
05(DD)

Letter Grades and Numerical Value

Letter Grade Numerical Value
A 4.00
A- 3.67
B+ 3.33
B 3.00
B- 2.67
C+ 2.33
C 2.00
F 0.00
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Course Grading System

Grades will be determined on the
basis of

5 Assignments
10%
5 Quizzes
10%
Mid-term test
20%
Term Project
15%
End Semester Exam
45%
8

Rules for Class

Start with Talawat/translation

TA/Grader:
Ms Siddique
Office Hours:
MW 11-30 to 13-00
All material shall be available in advance on the website/
through Group Mail ce2011@wecuw.edu.pk

Students are expected to come prepared for the class

Solving of home assignment in class will contribute
towards the students grading of the course
Disclaimer / Seating Plan
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Flat Plate/Slabs
Two Way Slabs

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TYPES OF SLABS
Gen broad flat plate, usually horizontal with top
and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so
May be supported by:
RC beams, masonry or RC walls, structural steel
cols, directly by columns, or continuously by the gr

Support conditions:
Two opposite sides
Beams on all four sides
Intermediate beams
Directly by columns
Directly by columns with thick ended region near
columns
Ribbed construction
On ground continuously

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INTRODUCTION
In general, slabs are classified as being one-way
or two-way. Slabs that primarily deflect in one
direction are referred to as one-way slabs.
Simple-span, one-way slabs have previously
been discussed; while the design of continuous
slabs so that the slabs can deflect in two
directions, referred to as two-way slabs will be
Depending
on load conditions and other
discussed in detail.
requirements slabs may be strengthened by the
addition of beams between the columns, by
thickening the slabs around the columns (drop
panels), and by flaring the columns under the
slabs (column capitals). These situations will be
shown and discussed in the lecture.
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TYPES OF SLABS

13

TYPES OF SLABS

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TYPES OF SLABS
Flat plates are solid concrete slabs of uniform depths
that transfer loads directly to the supporting columns
without the aid of beams or capitals or drop panels.
Flat plates can be constructed quickly due to their
simple formwork and reinforcing bar arrangements.
They need the smallest overall story heights to
provide specified headroom requirements, and they
give the most flexibility in the arrangement of
columns and partitions. They also provide little
obstruction to light and have high fire resistance
because there are few sharp corners where spalling
of the concrete might occur. Flat plates are probably
the most commonly used slab system today for
multistory reinforced concrete hotels, motels,
apartment houses, hospitals, and dormitories.
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TYPES OF SLABS
Flat plates present a possible problem in transferring
the shear at the perimeter of the columns. In other
words, there is a danger that the columns may punch
through the slabs. As a result, it is frequently
necessary to increase column sizes or slab
thicknesses or to use shear heads. Shear heads
consist of steel I or channel shapes placed in the slab
over the columns. Although such procedures may
seem expensive, it is noted that the simple formwork
required for flat plates will usually result in such
economical construction that the extra costs required
for shear heads are more than canceled. For heavy
industrial loads or long spans, however, some other
type of floor system may be required.
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TYPES OF SLABS

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TYPES OF SLABS
Flat slabs include two-way reinforced concrete slabs with
capitals, drop panels, or both. These slabs are very
satisfactory for heavy loads and long spans. Although the
formwork is more expensive than for flat plates, flat slabs
will require less concrete and reinforcing than would be
required for flat plates with the same loads and spans.
They are particularly economical for warehouses, parking
and industrial buildings, and similar structures where
exposed drop panels or capitals are acceptable.

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TYPES OF SLABS

In Figure above a two-way slab with beams is shown. This

type of floor system is obviously used where its cost is
less than the cost of flat plates or flat slabs. In other
words, when the loads or spans or both become quite
large, the slab thickness and column sizes required for flat
plates or flat slabs are of such magnitude that it is more
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economical to use two-way slabs with beams, despite the

TYPES OF SLABS
Another type of floor system is the waffle slab, an
example of which is shown in the next slide. The floor
is constructed by arranging square fiberglass or
metal pans with tapered sides with spaces between
them as shown. When the concrete is placed over
and between the pans, the waffle shape is obtained.
The intervals or gaps between the pans form the
beam webs. These webs are rather deep and provide
large moment arms for the reinforcing bars. With
waffle slabs, the weight of the concrete is greatly
reduced without significantly changing the moment
resistance of the floor system. As in flat plates, shear
can be a problem near columns. Consequently,
waffle floors are usually made solid in those areas to
increase shear resistance.
Many slabs are continuously sp on the gr, as for 20

TYPES OF SLABS

21

TYPES OF SLABS
Reinforced concrete slabs being discussed
are usually designed for loads assumed to
be uniformly distributed over the entire
slab panel, bounded by beams or
supporting columns centerlines. Minor
concentrated loads can be accommodated
through
two-way
action
of
the
reinforcement. Heavy concentrated loads
generally require supporting beams.
The one way and two structural action can
be visualized as shown in next two slides.
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ONE-WAY SLAB ACTION

23

TWO-WAY SLAB ACTION

24

BEHAVIOR OF TWO-WAY EDGESUPPORTED SLAB

25

CORNER REINFORCEMENT

26

27

TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE

REINFORCEMENT

28

TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE

REINFORCEMENT

29

TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE

REINFORCEMENT

30

ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY
SLABS

31

ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY SLABS

Two-way slabs bend under load into dish-shaped surfaces,
so there is bending in both principal directions. As a result,
they must be reinforced in both directions by layers of
bars that are perpendicular to each other. A theoretical
elastic analysis for such slabs is a very complex problem
due to their highly indeterminate nature. Numerical
techniques such as finite difference and finite elements
are required, but such methods are not really practical for
Actually, the fact that a great deal of stress redistribution
routine design.
can occur in such slabs at high loads makes it
unnecessary to make designs based on theoretical
analyses. Therefore the design of two-way slabs is
generally based on empirical moment coefficients, which,
though they might not accurately predict stress variations,
result in slabs with satisfactory overall safety factors. In
other words, if too much reinforcing is placed in one part
of a slab and too little somewhere else, the resulting slab
behavior will probably still be satisfactory. The total
32
amount of reinforcement in a slab seems more important

ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY SLABS

You should clearly understand that next three lectures are
devoted to two-way slab design based on approximate
methods of analysis, there is no intent to prevent from
using more exact methods. You may design slabs on the
basis of numerical solutions, yield-line analysis, or other
theoretical methods, provided that it can be clearly
demonstrated that they have met all the necessary safety
and service ability criteria required by the ACI Code.
Although it has been the practice of designers for many
years to use approximate analyses for design and to use
average moments rather than maximum ones, two-way
slabs so designed have proved to be very satisfactory
under service loads. Furthermore, they have been proved
to have appreciable overload capacity.

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DESIGN OF TWO-WAY
SLABS THE ACI CODE

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DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS BY THE

ACI(13.5.1.1)
CODE specifies two
The ACI Code
approximate methods for designing two-way
slabs for gravity loads. These are the equivalent
frame method
and the direct design method.
Equivalent
Frame Method
In this method a portion of a structure is taken
out by itself, as shown in the next figure. The
same stiffness values are used for the
equivalent frame method as used for the direct
design method. This method, is very satisfactory
for frames with unusual dimensions or loadings.

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DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS BY THE

ACI CODE

36

DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS ACI 31808

Direct Design Method
The Code (13.6) provides a procedure with which a
set of moment coefficients can be determined. The
method, in effect, involves a single-cycle moment
distribution analysis of the structure based on (a) the
estimated flexural stiffness's of the slabs, beams (if
any), and columns and (b) the torsional stiffness's of
the slabs and beams (if any) transverse to the
direction in which flexural moments are being
determined. These types of moment coefficients
have been used satisfactorily for many years for slab
design. They do not, however, give very satisfactory
results for slabs with unsymmetrical dimensions and
loading patterns.
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