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CAUSATIVE AGENT
Influenza virus one
of the genera of
Orthomyxoviruses
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
PERSON TO PERSON
- direct contact with an infected individual
within 6 feet
- nasal secretions of an infected person
- speaking, coughing, sneezing, kissing
- transmitted primarily by droplets or
respiratory secretions of infected persons
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
ANIMAL TO PERSON
-when people's work brings them in contact with
infected animals.
-when people contact infected animals during their
everyday lives, such as when visiting live animal markets
or when these animals are kept as part of the household.
-when people handle or slaughter infected animals, or
work with raw meat and by-products from infected
animals.
-when people contact things around them, such as
animal housing areas and equipment, ponds and other
water sources, faeces, and feathers, if these things are
contaminated with influenza viruses.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
FOMITES - any object or substance
capable
of
carryinginfectious
organisms, such as viruses and
bacteria
TYPES/ CLASSIFICATIONS OF
INFLUENZA VIRUS
Influenza Virus A
TYPES/ CLASSIFICATIONS OF
INFLUENZA VIRUS
Influenza Virus B
is a genus in
thevirusfamilyOrthomyxoviridae
are only known to infecthumansandseals
Influenza B almost exclusively infects
humans and is less common than influenza
A. This type of influenza mutates at a rate
23 times lower than type A. This reduced
rate of antigenic change, combined with its
limited host range ensures that pandemics
of influenza B do not occur.
TYPES/ CLASSIFICATIONS OF
INFLUENZA VIRUS
Influenza Virus C
Influenza C virus, which infects humans,
dogs and pigs, sometimes causing both
severe illness and local epidemics.
However, influenza C is less common than
the other types and usually only causes
mild disease in children.
DESCRIPTION
Influenza
Influenza Virus
MORPHOLOGY
Virions possess a lipid envelope that is derived from
the host cellular membrane during the budding. They
are generally spherical or elliptical in shape, ranging
from approximately 80120nm in diameter and are
occasionally filamentous, reaching more than 20m in
length. Sometimes, however, they take on an irregular
shape. Virions are covered with numerous membranespanning glycoproteins, HA and NA, and small amounts
of M2. The peripheral membrane protein, M1, which is
one of the most abundant viral proteins in the virion,
binds to the lipid envelope to maintain virion
morphology. The segmented genome is enclosed in the
virion in the form of the RNP. Although small amounts
of NEP are present within the virion (Yasuda et al.,
1993), its localization is unknown.
MORPHOLOGY
INFLUENZA VIRUS A
Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of
influenza A. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted to other species
and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or
give rise to human influenza pandemics. The influenza A virus can
be subdivided into different serotypes based on the antibody
response to these viruses. The serotypes that have been
confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human
pandemic deaths, are:
H1N1, which caused Spanish Flu in 1918, and Swine Flu
in 2009
H2N2, which caused Asian Flu in 1957
H3N2, which caused Hong Kong Flu in 1968
H5N1, which caused Bird Flu in 2004
H7N7, which has unusual zoonotic potential
H1N2, endemic in humans, pigs and birds
H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, H10N7, H7N9
INFLUENZA VIRUS B
This genus has one species, influenza B virus. Influenza B
almost exclusively infects humans and is less common than
influenza A. The only other animals known to be susceptible
to influenza B infection are the seal and the ferret. This type
of influenza mutates at a rate 23 times slower than type A
and consequently is less genetically diverse, with only one
influenza B serotype. As a result of this lack of antigenic
diversity, a degree of immunity to influenza B is usually
acquired at an early age. However, influenza B mutates
enough that lasting immunity is not possible. This reduced
rate of antigenic change, combined with its limited host
range (inhibiting cross species antigenic shift), ensures that
pandemics of influenza B do not occur.
INFLUENZA VIRUS C
This genus has one species, influenza C
virus, which infects humans, dogs and pigs,
sometimes causing both severe illness and
local epidemics. However, influenza C is less
common than the other types and usually
only causes mild disease in children
DIAGNOSIS OF INFLUENZA
Firm diagnosis is by means of virus isolation and
serology. The virus can be isolated from the nose or
a throat swab. This is used to infect cells in culture
(or eggs).Hemadsorptionmay be used to detect
infected cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
test are being developed to detect viral RNA.
Recently, rapid tests that can be used in a
physician's office have been approved. Provisional
diagnosis is often made clinically, based on
knowledge of a current outbreak of influenza
combined with appropriate clinical symptoms (fever,
cough, runny nose, malaise).
DIAGNOSIS OF INFLUENZA
Symptom:
Sensitivity
Specificity
Fever
6886%
2573%
Cough
8498%
729%
Nasal congestion
6891%
1941%
3. Non-Pulmonary Complications
-Myositis
-Cardiac complications
-Encephalopathy
-Reyes syndrome
-Guillain-Barre syndrome