WIRELESS

AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY

MOBILE TELEPHONES
Cellular and cordless phones are two examples of devices which make use
of wireless signals. Typically, cell phones have a larger range of networks to
provide a coverage. But, Cordless phones have a limited range. Similar to
GPS devices, some phones make use of signals from satellites to
communicate.

BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
The main function of the Bluetooth technology is that permits you to connect a various
electronic devices wirelessly to a system for the transferring of data. Cell phones are
connected to hands free earphones, mouse, wireless keyboard. By using Bluetooth
device the information from one device to another device. This technology has various
functions and it is used commonly in the wireless communication market. Bluetooth
technology is also used for Human Machine Interfaces (HMI), programming, and
service/maintenance, as well as real-time control tasks.

BLUETOOTH ( IEEE 802.15.1)

Range of 10 meters but can with a long-range module cover 200 - 400 meters
(up to over 1 km in free line-of-sight).
Cyclic and fast transmission of smaller data packages.
Data through-put of maximum 780 kbit/s gross (up to ~700 kbit/s net). With
Bluetooth v2.1+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate), the data through-put is 2.1 Mbit/s
gross (~1.5 Mbit/s net).
Latency of 5 10 ms.
Security features with 128-bit encryption that offers protection against data
eaves dropping.
High system density where several wireless devices can be connected in the
same radio environment and operate flawlessly
Robust features Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH), Forward Error Correction
(FEC), narrow frequency channels, and low sensitivity to reflections /multipathing.
High availability in consumer products

BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY

During 2011, Bluetooth v4.0, with the hallmark feature of low energy
technology, entered the market. Bluetooth low energy technology is
especially well suited for sensors, actuators and other small devices that
requires extremely low power consumption. Bluetooth low energy technology
offers the following features in industrial applications:
High numbers of communication nodes with limited latency requirements.
Very low power consumption.
Robustness equal to Classic Bluetooth technology.
Good real-time features (if a small number of nodes are connected).
Very short wake-up / connection time

WIRELESS DATA COMMUNICATION

Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile
computing.The various available technologies differ in local
availability, coverage range and performance, and in some
circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection
types and switch between them. To simplify the experience for the
user, connection manager software can be used, or a mobile VPN
deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single
virtual network. Supporting technologies include:

WI-FI
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) is well suited for monitoring, configuring
and data acquiring, but can also be used for time critical
control. Further, the built-in roaming functionality is useful in
factory automation applications with moving devices.
Implementing Wireless LAN in these types of applications often
requires customized solutions such as tailored or proprietary
roaming software as well as frequency planning and specific
installation means (for example, the use of expensive leakagecables). With these tailoring of the wireless solution, one
achieves stabile latency and low roaming hand-over delays.

FACTS ABOUT WIRELESS LAN

Range of 200 meters (up to 400-500 meters in free line-of-sight) in the
2.4 GHz band and some 50 meters in the 5 GHz band (802.11a) (free line
of sight up to 150 meters); however, obstacles and interference could
lower the range substantially.
Data throughput of 11 to 54 Mbit/s gross (~5 to 25 Mbit/s net) for IEEE
802.11b/g and 300 Mbit/s gross (~70 Mbit/s net for IEEE 802.11n).
Security models like WEP, WPA, WPA2, TPIK, and PSK EAP.
IEEE 802.11a operates on the 5 GHz band and provides the possibility for
19 additional non-overlapping channels in addition to the three nonoverlapping channels in the 2.4 GHz band.
High availability in consumer products

WIRELESS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

WIMAX
With advantages in mobility, transmission speed, QoS and security, WiMAX technology is an
excellent choice for telemedicine service providers in both fixed and mobile environments
[Niyato07]. Transmission delay for high quality images such as ultrasound and radiology
images can be reduced significantly with high-bandwidth transmission. Many monitoring
and diagnostic processes can be executed simultaneously with the present of large network
capability. Strong QoS increase the reliability and efficiency of data transmission. As an
example, in prehospital management system in an ambulance, diagnostic images could be
transmitted from the ambulance to the hospital and doctors can start diagnosing while
patient are on the way to the hospital.
In practical and researching domain, WiMAX has various deployment scenarios. On a
large scale, WiMAX networks can be established and operated by a regional health authority
to provide telemedicine services among regional clinics, hospitals and drugstores. On a
smaller scale, such as hospital-size area, WiMAX networks can be used to provide an
intranet for the hospital. In replacement of several WLAN access points, only a few WiMAX
base stations can cover the whole hospital. This will not only trim down the deployment cost
significantly but also enhance the quality of the network. As mentioned above, the other
application of WiMAX-based network is prehospital management service. The number of
application of WiMAX is rapidly increased and some other applications of WiMAX will be
discussed in the later sections of the paper.

WPAN
WPANs using Zigbee or Bluetooth standards are gaining in popularity, with
wireless motes available from industry. A number of physiological monitoring
systems based on the motes have been proposed and deployed in real clinical
settings. In addition to patient monitoring these systems can be used for
patient tracking in situations where location information is essential, such as
mass casualty incidents.
With many advantages including low-power consumption, small size, simple
protocol, wide compatibility, and so on, WPAN is applied to many medical
applications including telemedicine system, pervasive and continuous patients
monitoring and wireless-integrated medical devices. For example, in a mass
casualty or disaster, medics can place tiny sensors on each patient to form an
ad hoc network using Bluetooth, relaying continuous vital sign data to multiple
receiving devices (e.g. PDAs carried by physicians, or laptop base stations in
ambulances) [Shnayder05]. As another example for application of Bluetooth,
wireless electroencephalograms (EEG) use Bluetooth wireless interface to
transfer EEG to PDAs[Sarikaya06]. Many other applications of Bluetooth and
Zigbee in medical application will be discussed in the later sections.

WBAN
Recent technological developments in low-power integrated circuits,
wireless communications and physiological sensors promote the
development of tiny, lightweight, ultra-low-power monitoring devices. A
body-integratable network, so-called WBAN, can be formed by integrating
these devices. WBAN with sensors consuming extremely low power is used
to monitor patients in critical conditions inside hospital. Outside the
hospital, the network can transmit patients vital signs to their physicians
over internet in realtime. WBAN usually uses Zigbee, or UWB standard
One of many applications of WBAN in medical domain is computer assisted
physical rehabilitation [Pubmed05]. Intelligent sensors wearing by patients
transmit vital signs to personal server, which is running on a PDA, laptop or
3 G cellphone. Sequentially, the data is transmitted from personal server to
servers of the healthcare system, such as weather forecast, medical
database or emergency server over Internet. Algorithms may be executed
on the healthcare system servers to give instant and patient-specific
recommendations. Figure 1 illustrates an example of data flow in
integrated WBAN system.