Reading 10

MANAGING
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
CHAPTER 4
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING
E. Wainright Martin Carol V. Brown Daniel W. DeHayes
Jeffrey A. Hoffer William C. Perkins
THE NEED FOR NETWORKING
Sharing of technology resources

Sharing of data
Distributed data processing and client/server systems
Enhanced communications
Marketing outreach
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall
Page 96-97
AN OVERVIEW OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING
Networking
the electronic linking of geographically dispersed devices
Telecommunications
communications (voice and data) at a distance
Page 97-98
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Table 4.1 Functions of a
Telecommunications Network
Page 98
KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
N
ETWORKING
Analog
and Digital Signals
Analog network uses continuous voltage varying as
a function of time
Example: voice over telephone lines
Digital network directly transmits two discrete states
Note: 0 for pulse off and 1 for pulse on
Page 98-100
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Analog
and Digital Signals
Modem
Device needed when transmitting data over analog lines
Converts data from digital to analog to be sent over analog
telephone lines
Also reconverts data back to digital after data transmission
Abbreviation for modulator/demodulator
Page 99
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Analog
and Digital Signals
Figure 4.1 Use of Modem in Analog Network

Page 99
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Speed
of Transmission
Bandwidth
difference between highest and lowest frequencies
(cycles per second) that can be transmitted on a
single medium
common measure of a mediums capacity
Page 100
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Speed
of Transmission
Hertz cycles per second
Baud number of signals sent per second
Bits per second (bps) number of bits sent per second
When
each cycle sends one signal that transmits exactly one
:
e
Not bit of data (often the case), then the three terms are identical
Page 100
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Transmission Lines
Switched line system
Example: public telephone system

Uses switching centers to route signals along best possible path to
destination
Private (dedicated) lines
Leased from companies such as MCI, Sprint, AT&T

Use direct physical lines between source and destination
Page 101
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
Simplex data travels in one direction only
Half-duplex data can travel in both directions, but only one

direction at a time
Full-duplex data travels in both directions at the same time
Page 101
KEY ELEMENTS OF
NETWORKING
Transmission Media
Page 101
KEY ELEMENTS OF
NETWORKING
Transmission Media
Typical Speeds
Table 4.2 Telecommunications

Transmission Speeds
Page 101
KEY ELEMENTS OF
NETWORKING
Transmission Media
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.3 Construction of a Coaxial Cable
Page 102
KEY ELEMENTS OF
NETWORKING
Transmission Media
Wireless
broadcast technology in which radio signals are sent out
into the air
Cordless telephone
Microwave
Cellular phone
Satellite
Wireless LAN
Page 102
KEY ELEMENTS OF
NETWORKING
Transmission Media
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.4 Satellite Communications
Page 102
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
Fiber-optic cabling
Newest transmission medium

Transmits data by pulses of light through thin fiber of glass
Much faster than other media
Thinner requires less space
More secure harder to tap
Page 105-106
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Topology
of Networks
Topology
term used to describe the configuration or
arrangement of network devices and media
Page 106
KEY ELEMENTS OF
NETWORKING
Topology of Networks
Figure 4.5 Network Topologies Page 106
More Complex Networks
Figure 4.6 vBNS+ Network Map
Page 107
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Networks
Computer Telecommunications Networks
Private branch exchange (PBX) Networks
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Backbone Networks
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Internet
Internet2
Page 108
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Networks
Computer Telecommunications Networks

Emanates from a single medium or large computer
Usually arranged as a tree
Uses coaxial and twisted pair cabling
Controlled by central computer
Often has a front-end processor to handle all aspects of telecommunications
Page 108
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.7 Computer
Telecommunications Network
Page 108
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Networks
Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)

Originally analog, today usually digital
Can serve as the central device in a star or ring network
Can function as front-end processor for mainframe
Page 109
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Networks
Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)

Advantages:
Can connect ALL telecommunications devices in a building or campus

Can use existing telephone wiring
Can carry voice and data over same network
Has a high-potential throughput
Page 109
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.8 Schematic Representation

of a PBX
Page 109
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Networks
Local Area Networks

Owned by a single organization
Operate within area 2-3 miles in diameter
Contain a number of intelligent devices, usually microcomputers, that can process data based on peer-to-peer relationship
No part of telephone system, have their own wiring
Page 109
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Local
Area Networks
LAN Topologies and Standards

Contention bus design IEEE 802.3
Token bus design IEEE 802.4
Token ring design IEEE 802.5
Wireless design IEEE 802.11
Page 109
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Local
Area Networks
Contention Bus Design (Ethernet)

Bus topology
Implemented with coax or twisted pair
Usually half-duplex
All devices contend for use of cable
Design now called Shared Ethernet uses a contention bus as its logical topology and implemented with a physical star arrangement
Page 110
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.9 Shared Ethernet Topology:

Logical Bus, Physical Star
Page 109
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Local
Area Networks
Switched Ethernet
Newer variation, better performance, higher price
Uses switch instead of hub
Operates both logical and physical star
Each device has own dedicated circuit
Page 110
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Local
Area Networks
Token Bus
Employs bus topology, no contention
Uses single token passed around to all devices in order
Device can only transmit when has token
Central to Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) connects robots and other machines on assembly line by a LAN
Page 110
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Local
Area Networks
Token Ring
Device attached to ring must seize token before can send a message
Collisions cannot occur
Usual implementation is physical star, logical ring
Page 111
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Local
Area Networks
Wireless LAN
Known as Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
Growing in demand for corporate and home use
Use IEEE 802.11 standards with shared Ethernet design
Requires use of wireless network interface card (NIC)
Wireless Access Point (WAP) radio transceiver that acts as a hub
Page 111
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.10 Wireless Local Area Network

Topology
Page 112
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Networks
Backbone Network
In-between network that interconnects LANs in a single organization with each other and with
organizations WAN and the Internet
Page 113
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Networks
Backbone network terminology:

Bridge connects two LANs using same protocol
Router (gateway) connects two or more LANs that may use different protocols
Switch connects more than two LANs using the same protocols
Page 113
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.11 Sample Backbone Network
Page 112
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Networks
Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Communicate voice and data across greater distances
Usually owned by several organizations (including user organization and common carrier)
Employ point-to-point transmission
Often rely on public telephone network
Page 114
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of WANs
Switched-circuit
Direct distance dialing (DDD)
Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS)
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)
Dedicated-circuit
Leased lines
Satellite
Page 115
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of WANs
Packet-switched
Shared private lines using store-and-forward data transmission
Permits multiple connections to exist simultaneously over the
same physical circuit
Page 116
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of WANs
ATM fast packet switching with short, fixed-length packets

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) provide same as private packetswitched network using the public Internet
Page 117
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Types
of Networks
The Internet
Network of networks that use the TCP/IP protocol
Contain gateways to computers that do not use TCP/IP
Provides four basic functions:
Electronic mail
Remote login
Discussion groups
Sharing of data resources
Page 117-118
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Table 4.4 Internet Applications
Page 118
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
DSL,
Cable Modem, and Satellite
Internet access services:
Digital subscriber line (DSL) service offered by telephone companies using copper wire already installed in
homes moving data over wires without disturbing voice traffic
Cable modem connection obtained from cable TV company using existing home coaxial cable
Satellite most expensive, but may be only option for customers in rural areas
Page 120
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Intranets
Intranet
a network operating within an organization that uses
the TCP/IP protocol
Page 122
KEY ELEMENTS OF
NETWORKING
Internet2
not-for-profit consortium of over 200 universities,
working with over 60 technology companies and the
U.S. government, to develop and deploy advanced
network applications and technologies
Page 122
KEY ELEMENTS OF
NETWORKING
Primary goals of Internet2:
Create a leading-edge network capability for the national research
community
Enable revolutionary Internet applications based on a much higherperformance Internet that we have today
Ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and applications
to the broader Internet community
Page 123
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Network
Protocols
Protocol
agreed-upon set of rules governing communication
among layers or levels of a network
Page 124
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Network
Protocols
LAN protocols:
Contention bus
Token bus
Token ring
Wireless
IBMs own protocol Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
Page 124
KEY ELEMENTS OF
N
ETWORKING
Network
Protocols
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) network

protocol Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI)
Thought to become the only standard for networking

Gained momentum until Internet explosion
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Has become the de facto standard for networking today
Page 124-125
2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.17 Data Transmission
Based on OSI Model
Page 126
THE EXPLODING ROLE OF

NETWORKING
Online Operations
Connectivity
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and
Electronic Commerce
Marketing
Page 128-129
THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY
Carriers
Own or lease the physical plant cabling,
satellites, cellular towers, etc.
Sell service of transmitting communication
from one location to another
Page 130
INDUSTRY
Equipment vendors
Manufacture and sell LAN software and
hardware
Includes routers, hubs, wireless access
points, digital switches, multiplexers, cellular
telephones, modems
Page 130
INDUSTRY
Service providers
Operate networks and deliver services
through the network
Provide access to or services via the Internet
(such as AOL, Microsoft Network, Yahoo!, and
many ISPs
Page 130

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MANAGING

THE NEED FOR NETWORKING

Sharing of technology resources

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Table 4.1 Functions of a

Example: voice over telephone lines

Digital network directly transmits two discrete states

Note: 0 for pulse off and 1 for pulse on

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Figure 4.1 Use of Modem in Analog Network

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Hertz cycles per second

Baud number of signals sent per second

Bits per second (bps) number of bits sent per second

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Example: public telephone system

Private (dedicated) lines

Leased from companies such as MCI, Sprint, AT&T

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Simplex data travels in one direction only

Half-duplex data can travel in both directions, but only one

Full-duplex data travels in both directions at the same time

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Table 4.2 Telecommunications

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.3 Construction of a Coaxial Cable

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.4 Satellite Communications

Newest transmission medium

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Figure 4.5 Network Topologies Page 106

More Complex Networks

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Figure 4.6 vBNS+ Network Map

Computer Telecommunications Networks

Private branch exchange (PBX) Networks

Local Area Networks (LANs)

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Computer Telecommunications Networks

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.7 Computer

Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)

Can connect ALL telecommunications devices in a building or campus

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.8 Schematic Representation

Local Area Networks

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

LAN Topologies and Standards

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

Contention Bus Design (Ethernet)

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Figure 4.9 Shared Ethernet Topology:

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall

2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall