Prepared by:

Live on Top

Course Outlines

Introduction to mobile communication

CDMA principles
Transmission problems
CDMA network architecture
CDMA network interfaces
CDMA air interface
CDMA key technologies

Definition of Coverage Areas

Service area
PLMN area
MSC area
Location area
Cell area
Sector
area

CDMA2000 1x network

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

Consists of the radio transmitters, receivers and the antenna system

required to provide the coverage area for one cell.

Records and passes to the BSC the Signal strength measurements

Converts the CDMA radio signals into a format that can be recognized by
the BSC.

Channel coding and interleaving

Spreading and despreading

Realization of diversity

Demodulation

The Base Station Controller (BSC)

Manages the Radio Communication with the mobile station over the air
interface.
Supervises the transmission network and the operation of each BTS
The BSC is the central node within a BSS and co-ordinates the actions
of Base Stations. (i.e. The BSC controls a major part of the radio
network)
BTS configuration: This involves the allocation of codes to channel
combinations and power levels for each cell according to available
equipment.
Cell Description Data (e.g. cell identity, maximum and minimum output
powers in the cell).
control the power control process

The Base Station Controller (BSC)

Handling of MS connections :

During Call Set Up

Paging:
Signaling set-up
Assignment of traffic channel
During a Call:
Dynamic power control in MS and BTS
Locating

The Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

The primary node in a CDMA network is the MSC. It is the node, which
controls calls both to MSs and from MSs. The primary functions of an
MSC include the following:

Administers its Base Station Controllers BSC(s).

Switches calls to/from mobile subscribers.
Records charging and accounting details
Provides the gateway functionality to other networks.
Service provisioning.
Control of connected BSCs.
Provides the gateway functionality to other networks.

Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC):

Gateway functionality enables an MSC to interrogate a HLR in order to

route a mobile terminating call. It is not used in calls from MSs to any
terminal other than another MS.

For example, if a person connected to the PSTN wants to make a call to a

CDMA mobile subscriber, then the PSTN exchange will access the CDMA
network by first connecting the call to a GMSC

Home Location Register (HLR):

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile
subscriptions belonging to a specific operator.

It acts as a permanent store for a persons subscription information until that

subscription is cancelled.

The primary functions of the HLR include:

Stores for each mobile subscriber:

Basic subscriber categories.

Supplementary services.
Current location.
Allowed/barred services.
Authentication data.

Subscription database management

Controls the routing of mobile terminated calls and SMS.

Visitor Location Register (VLR):

The role of a VLR in a CDMA network is to act as a temporary storage location for
subscription information for MSs, which are within a particular MSC service area.

Thus, there is one VLR for each MSC service area. This means that the MSC does not
have to contact the HLR (which may be located in another country) every time the
subscriber uses a service or changes its status.

The VLR may be integrated with the MSC.

For the duration when the MS is within one MSC service area, then the VLR contains a
complete copy of the necessary subscription details, including the following
information:

Identity numbers for the subscriber

Supplementary service information (e.g. Does the subscriber has call
waiting
activated or not)
Activity of MS (e.g. idle or busy)
Current Location Area of MS

Short Message Center (MC or SC)

As an independent entity in the CDMA cellular mobile communication

system

the short message center works in coordination with other entities such
as MSC and HLR

Functions of SMC

to implement the reception, storing and transfer of the short messages

from CDMA cellular mobile communication system subscribers,
and store subscriber-related short message data.
Manages the resend of the SMS

1x Packet Data Service

Compared with IS-95, in order for the CDMA2000 user data service to access, the
CDMA2000-1X core network should be added with:

PDSN,
HA (providing Mobile IP service)
AAA;
these three functional entities are the cdma2000-1X access network should
be added with PCF functional entity.

These new devices are required by the packet data service transmission to
provide high-speed access to the Internet, videophone, and e-commerce to the
users in the 3G mobile communication system.

System Architecture

IP Network

PDSN
BTS

BSC/PCF

AAA

R-P Interface, A10/A11

Billing
System

HA
Firewall

PDSN

As a access gateway , PDSN(packet data service node) provides the

CDMA2000 mobile station with services for Internet access or Intranet
access.PDSN acts as an interface between Radio Network and Packet Data
Network.

Provides the mobile station with Simple IP access service or Mobile IP

access service.In Simple IP, PDSN acts as a Network access server, while
in Mobile IP, PDSN acts as Foreign Agent(FA) for Mobile Station.

At the CDMA2000 1x stage, the maximum access rate available for each
subscriber is 153.6kbps

PDSN acts as a client of AAA server.

AAA

AAA authenticates the script file information of the subscribers, authorizes data
services, and Collects accounting information from PDSN, completes accounting.
Authentication
simple IP and mobile IP.
Authorization
subscriber configuration information.
Accounting
collecting billing data(both radio specific and IP network specific) for each
packet data call.

Access Method

Simple IP Access
- Similar to the network access through dialing-up modem on the fixed
telephone .
- Assigning dynamic IP addresses and accomplishing the data communication
with MS as the calling party .

Mobile IP Access
- Providing a route mechanism in the internet. Assigning MS fixed addresses
to connect any sub-networks
- Accomplishing the data communication with MS as the calling party or the
called party, and holding data communication when MS handoff between
different PPP link.

Parameters Involved

In a CDMA system, the following parameters are defined to identify a user and his
location:
MIN/IMSI

MDN

ESN

LAI

MIN/IMSI

Not more than 15 digits

3 digits

2 digits

MCC

MNC

MSIN
NMSI

IMSI

Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity

For example, 0907550001/460030907550001

MDN

CC

MAC

H 0H 1H 2H 3

ABCD

International mobile subscriber DN

National valid mobile subscriber number

Mobile directory number

For example, 8613307550001

ESN

A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single

MS. An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:
31......24

23......18

17......0

bit

Manufacturers number retained equipment SN

For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone)
The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.

LAI
LAI = Location Area Identity

PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size of which depends on traffic,
paging bearer capability, signaling flow , etc.

Format: MCC+MNC+LAC

MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460.

MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of Unicom
is 03.
LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code. 0000
cannot be used with FFFE.

For example, 460030100