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Descriptive Research
Descriptive
Manipulation
of variables may be
impossible or unethical
Effects of megadoses of anabolic steroids on
strength
Deliberately causing injury to study different
types of therapy
No
Survey
Survey technique of
descriptive research
that seeks to
determine present
practices or opinions
of a specified
population
Types of survey
research include the
questionnaire,
interview, and
normative survey
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Questionnaire
Questionnaire
type of paper-and-pencil
survey used in descriptive research in
which information is obtained by asking
participants to respond to questions
rather than by observing their behavior
Limitation is that results are simply what
people say they do, believe, like, dislike,
etc.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOqX
lbWf9Io
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Questionnaire, contd
Determine
the objectives
of respondents?
Questionnaire, contd
Delimit
the sample
What is the specific population you wish to
examine?
Adults vs. children
Exercisers vs. nonexercisers (how do you define
exercisers?)
Elite coaches
Questionnaire, contd
Your
Questionnaire, contd
Construct
the questionnaire
Open-ended questions
Category of question in questionnaires and
interviews that allows the respondent
considerable latitude to express feelings and to
expand on ideas
Example: How do you think things went today?
Drawbacks:
Questionnaire, contd
Closed questions
Category of question found in questionnaires
or interviews that requires a specific response
and that often takes the form of rankings,
scaled items, or categorical responses
Ranking type of closed question that forces
the respondent to place responses in a rank
order according to some criterion
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Questionnaire, contd
Example of Ranking: From what sources has
most of your nutrition information come?
Rank top 3
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Survey Research
Process, contd
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Undecided
Agree
Strongly agree
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Questionnaire, contd
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Questionnaire, contd
Categorical response
type of closed question
that offers the
participant only two
responses, such as yes
or no
Possible responses
include yes/no,
true/false, female/male,
etc.
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Questionnaire, cont
Appearance and design
Appearance has been shown to affect response rate
Provide written instructions for completion
First few questions should be easy to answer
Short questionnaires have higher response rates
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Questionnaire, contd
Conduct
a pilot study
acquaintances
Revise and send to sample of population
of interest
Analyze results as part of pilot study
Revise again and use
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Questionnaire, contd
Write
anonymity
Use institutional letterhead if applicable
Rewards and incentives may be used,
including money
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Questionnaire, contd
Send
the questionnaire
http://www.surveymonkey.com/?cmpid=us:ps:google&gclid=CPb-u_7WmqAC
FQVaagodQSSdTw
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Questionnaire, contd
Follow-up
Wait at least 10 days for follow-up
Wait another 10 days then send another
questionnaire
Keep in mind that respondents are selfselected and this biases your results
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Questionnaire, contd
Analyze
the results
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Personal Interview
Essentially
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Personal Interview,
contd
Advantages
of the
personal interview:
More adaptable
Interviewer can
observe the
respondent
Greater rate of
return than
questionnaire
Easier to explain
questions
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Normative
http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrc
h/citmanage/apa
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Tonight-intro
and
survey
Chapter 16
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