SPEAKER &

AMPLIFIER
Ayush Saini- CH12B1005
Harmanpreet Singh-CS12B1017
Udhav Sethi-ES12B1022

Indian Institute of Technology

Hyderabad

Speakers
A speaker is an electroacoustic transducer that
produces sound in response to an electrical audio
signal input.
A speaker is essentially the final translation machine -- the
reverse of the microphone. It takes the electrical signal and
translates it back into physical vibrations.

Components of Speaker
Diaphragm or Cone

Dust cap
Suspension
Spider
Voice coil
Basket
Magnets

Working
Passing of current through voice coil
Creating of magnetic field
Interaction between two magnets (permanent and
electromagnet) causing repulsion and attraction
Change in current direction makes changes in force
direction as well, pushes the coil to move back and
forth rapidly
When coil moves, it pushes and pulls on the
diaphragm
This vibrates the air in front of the speaker, creating
sound waves

Amplifier
An amplifier boosts the audio signal and produces a more
powerful version of it.
Amplifiers are found in several devices such as
microphones, cd players, television etc.

Why is Amplifier needed?

Sound is transmitted in electronic devices by representing sound as a
varying electric current.
A microphone diaphragm is moved back and forth using the sound
signals and the microphone translates this movement into an electrical
signal.
The electrical signal fluctuates to represent the compressions and
rarefactions of the sound wave.
A recorder encodes this electrical signal as a pattern in some sort of
medium.
A player re-interprets this pattern as an electrical signal and uses this
electricity to move a speaker cone back and forth. This re-creates the airpressure fluctuations originally recorded by the microphone.
Often, the electric current is too weak to push the speaker cone back and
forth. This is strengthened with the help of an amplifier.

Components
An amplifier consists of various components connected in a
complex circuit.
The component at the heart of most amplifiers is
the transistor.
The main elements in a transistor are semiconductors. Their
varying ability to conduct electric current is a property that
helps in the functioning of an amplifier.

Working
Actually, an amplifier doesnt actually boost the original signal. It
generates a completely new output signal based on the input signal.
There are 2 circuits - input circuit and output circuit.
The output circuit is generated by the amplifier's power supply,
which generally draws energy from a battery. The power supply
also generates an even and uninterrupted signal. The output
circuit's load is moving the speaker cone.
The input circuit is the electrical audio signal recorded on tape or
running in from a microphone. Its load is modifying the output
circuit. It applies a varying resistance to the output circuit to recreate the voltage fluctuations of the original audio signal.

Pre- Amplifier
In most amplifiers, this load is too much work for the original audio
signal.
For this reason, the signal is first boosted by a pre-amplifier, which
sends a stronger output signal to the power amplifier.
The pre-amplifier works the same basic way as the amplifier.
The input circuit applies varying resistance to an output circuit
generated by the power supply.
Some amplifier systems use several pre-amplifiers to gradually
build up to a high-voltage output signal.

Thus a speaker and an amplifier consists a

complete sound system.

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