Chapter 3

KINEMATICS I
Rahmat Rasyid M.Si

Introduction

The mechanics science is the science

studying about motion, force concept, and
energy.
They divided to the two form :
Kinematics
Dynamics

Kinematics is the science studying the

motion without looking the cause of motion.
Dynamics is the science studying the force
cause of motion.

Motion ?

The object can referred motion if change

of the position and need time to do that.
Three variable of the motion :
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration

Speed

The measurement to how fast the object

move.

Velocity

Expressing value and direction of speed or

rate of change of position.
They divided to the two form :
Instantaneous velocity
Average velocity

The Difference Speed & Velocity

Comparing both of the pictures

Above : the car have remain speed

but the direction change for every
moment. How with the picture
beside?

Acceleration

Acceleration

The expression that how fast the velocity of

change.
They divided to the two form :

Instantaneous acceleration
Average acceleration

Acceleration for Inclined Plane

Ever greater the

object angle, hence
ever greater the
acceleration of object.
Case :
How much value of the
acceleration if the
object in perpendicular
plane as shown picture
beside?

Free Fall Motion

The object can free

fall as consequence
of the earth
gravitation with
acceleration a=g=
9.8 m/s2

Motion in 1 dimension

In 1-D, we usually write position as x(t1 ).

Since its in 1-D, all we need to indicate direction
is + or .
Displacement in a time t = t2 - t1 is
x = x(t2) - x(t1) = x2 - x1
x
x

some particles trajectory

in 1-D

x2
x1
t1

t2

1-D kinematics

Velocity v is the rate of change of position

Average velocity Vav in the time t = t2 - t1 is:
v av

x( t 2 ) x( t1 ) x

t 2 t1
t

x
x

trajectory

x2

Vav = slope of line connecting x1 and x2.

x1
t1

t2
t

1-D kinematics...

Consider limit t1

t2

Instantaneous velocity v is defined as:

x(t )
v t lim
t 0 t
x
x

dx(t )
v (t )
dt

so v(t2) = slope of line tangent to path at t2.

x2
x1
t1

t2
t

Example

Find instantaneous velocity for every times, by

equation x(t) = 5t2
Answer :

For the next time, t = t + t, so that:

x(t +t) = 5(t + t)2

then :

x = x(t +t) - x(t)

x 10t.t 5 t

10t 5t
t
t
2

Finally :
t0 then

vavg

: vavg = 10t

1-D kinematics...

Acceleration a is the rate of change of velocity

Average acceleration aav in the time t = t2 - t1
is:
aav

v ( t 2 ) v ( t1 ) v

t 2 t1
t

And then the instantaneous acceleration a is

defined as:
dv ( t ) d 2 x( t )
a( t )

dt
dt 2
using v ( t )

dx( t )
dt

Recap

If the position x is known as a function of time,

then we can find both velocity v and acceleration
a as a function of time!
x

x x( t )

dx
dt
dv
d 2x
a

dt
dt 2

t
t

1-D Motion with constant

acceleration

By calculus:

n
t dt

Also recall that

dv
a
dt

1
t n 1 const
n 1

Since a is constant, we can integrate this using

the above rule to find:
v a dt a dt at v 0

Similarly, since
to get:

dx
dt

we can integrate again

1
x v dt ( at v 0 )dt at 2 v 0 t x0
2

Recap
x
1
x x0 v 0 t at 2
2
v v 0 at

a const

Derivation:
v v 0 at

x x0 v 0 t

Solving for t:

v v0
t
a

1 2
at
2

Plugging in for t:

v v0 1 v v0
x x0 v 0
a

a 2
a

v 2 v 0 2 a( x x0 )

Problem :

Express your comment for under the picture by

using average and instantaneous velocity and
acceleration in point a, b c, d, e, f and g :

X (m)

e
b
a

f
c

t (sec)