CNC MACHINE TOOLS

Presented by

SALUNKE M.D.
Presented to

B.I.T.BARSHI

CNC MACHINE TOOLS

CNC MACHINE TOOLS

A CNC system basically consists of the

following

(a) Central processing unit (CPU)

(b) Servo control unit
(c) Operator control panel
(d) Machine control panel
(e) Programmable logic controller
(f) Other devices

(a) Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the heart of a CNC system. It
accepts the information stored in the
memory as part program. This data is
decoded and transformed into specific
position control and velocity signals. It
also oversees the movement of the
control axis or spindle and whenever this
does not match with the programmed
values, a corrective action as taken.

(a) Central Processing

Unit (CPU)
All the compensation required for machine
acquires (like lead screw pitch error, tool wear
out,.) are calculated by CPU depending upon the
corresponding inputs made available to the system.
The same will be taken care of during the
generation of control signals for the axis
movement. Also, some basic safety checks are built
into the system through this unit and continuous
necessary corrective actions will be provided by
CPU unit. Whenever the situation goes beyond
control of the CPU, it takes the final action of
shutting down the system and in turn the machine.

(b) Servo control unit

The decoded position and velocity control
signals, generated by the CPU for the axis
movement forms the input to the servo control
unit. This unit in turn generates suitable signals as
command values. The command values are
converted by the servo drive units which are
interfaced with the axes and the spindle motors.
The servo control unit receives the position
feedback signals for the actual movement of the
machine tool axes from the feedback devices (like
linear scales, rotary encoders, revolvers, etc.)

(c) Operator control panel

The Operator Control Panel
provides control panel provides the
user interface to facilitate a two way
communication between the user,
CNC system and the machine tool.
This consists of two parts are Video
display unit and Keyboard

(d) Machine control panel

During program execution, the CNC
controls the axis the motion, spindle function
or tool function on a machine tool, depending
upon the part program stored in the memory.
Prior to the starting of the machining process,
machine should first be prepared with some
specific takes like, establishing a correct
reference point, loading the system memory
with the required part program, loading and
checking of tool offsets, zero offsets, etc

(e) Programmable logic controller

They were basically introduced as replacement
for hard wired relay panels. They developed to be
re-programmed without hardware changes when
requirements were altered and thus are re-usable.
PLCs are now available with increased functions,
more memory and larger input/output capabilities.
In the CPU, all the decisions are made relative to
controlling a machine or a process. The CPU
receives input data, performs logical decisions
based upon stored programs and drives the output
connection to a computer for hierarchical control
are done through CPU.

(f) Other devices

These include sensor interface,

provision for communication
equipment, programming units,
printer, tape reader interface, etc.

CNC Concept

A CNC system may be

characterized in terms of three
major elements:
1.
hardware,
2.
software
3.
information

CNC Concept

Hardware
Hardware includes the
microprocessors that effect control
system functions and peripheral
devices for data communication,
machine tool interfacing and
machine tool status monitoring

Software

Software includes the programs

that are executed by the system
microprocessors and various types of
software associated with CNC.

Information
Information regarding the dynamic
characteristics of the machine and many
other information pertaining to the process.
When any of these unreliable
components fails, the diagnostics
subsystem would automatically disconnect
the faulty component from the system and
activate the redundant component in place
of faulty one so that newly installed
component can perform its function

ADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINES

(a) High Repeatability and Precision, e.g. Aircraft parts.
(b) Volume of production is very high.
(c) Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined, e.g.
Turbines.
(d) Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap.
(e) Safer, higher productivity, better quality.
(f) Less paper work, faster prototype production, reduction in
lead times.
(g) Easier to program.
(h) Easy storage of existing programs.
(i) Avoids human errors.
(j) Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines.
(k) Program editing at the machine tool.
(l) Control systems upgrades possible.
(m) Option -resident CAM system at machine tool.
(n) Tool path verification

DISADVANTAGES OF CNC
MACHINES
(a) Costly setup, skilled operators.
(b) Computers, programming
knowledge
required.
(c) Maintenance is difficult.
(d) Machines have to be installed in
air conditioned places

APPLICATIONS:
PARTS SUITABLE FOR CNC MACHINES
(a) Aerospace equipments.
(b) Automobile Parts.
(c) Complex shapes.
(d) Electronic industry uses CNC e.g. Printed circuit board.
(e) Electrical industry uses CNC e.g. Coil winding.
(f) For small to medium batch quantity.
(g) Where the set-ups are very large.
(h) Where the tool storage is a problem.
(i) Where much metal needs to be removed.
(j) When the part geometry is so complex.
(k) The operations are very complex

APPLICATIONS:
PARTS SUITABLE FOR CNC MACHINES
(l) For parts subjected to regularly design changes.
(m) When the inspection is required 100%.
(n) When lead time does not permit the
conventional tooling manufacture.
(o) When the machining time is very less as
compared to down.
(p) Where tool storage is a problem.
(q) Where repetitive operations are required on
the work.