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analysis
and design
of
structures
Presented by:
Pavan Patchigolla, MTech,
Jr. structural Engineer,
Metey Engineering and consultancy pvt ltd.
Lecturers profile
Name
: Pavan Patchigolla
Qualification
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EARTHQUAKE REVIEW:
What are Earthquakes ?
Reasons behind occurrence ?
Why seismic Zonation is required ?
Earthquakes and buildings:
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Presence of irregularities.
Pan caking failure.
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Before
After
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Presence of irregularities.
NEPAL
EARTHQUAKE
TODAY 25-Apr2015, M 7.9
Some devastations of Non-engineered and
poorly engineered buildings
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AREA
ZONE II
44%
ZONE III
26%
ZONE IV
18%
ZONE V
12%
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An overview..
What are earthquakes ?
Why Earthquakes ?
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23
An overview..
How Earthquakes are measured ?
MAGNITUDE (a quantitative term) is measured on most common
instrument Richter scale. It is a measure on the amount of energy
released during a quake.
INTENSITY (a qualitative term) is mostly commonly measured on scale
called Mercalli
scale.Magnitude
It is the measure
of the actual shaking of earth.
Group
Annual average number
Great
8 and higher
Major
7-7.9
18
Strong
6-6.9
120
Moderate
5-5.9
800
Light
4-4.9
6,200 (Estimated)
Minor
3-3.9
49,000 (Estimated)
Very Minor
<3.0
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INTENSITY
RATING
REMARK
NOT FELT
II
Weak
III
MAGNITUDE
MERCALLI
INTENSITY
<2.0
Weak
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people
do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar
to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
2.0-2.9
II-III
IV
Light
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes
windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking
building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
3.0-3.9
III-IV
Moderate
Felt by nearly everyone. Many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects
overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.
VI
Strong
Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved. A few instances of fallen plaster.
Damage slight.
4.0-4.9
IV-V
VII
Very strong
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction. Slight to moderate in well built
ordinary structures. Considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures. Some
chimneys broken.
5.0-5.9
V-VI
VIII
Severe
6.0-6.9
VI-VII
IX
Violent
Damage considerable in specially designed structures. Well designed frame structures thrown
out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off
foundations.
7.0-7.9
VII-VIII
Extreme
Some well built wooden structures destroyed. Most masonry and framed structures destroyed
with foundations. Rails bent
XI
Extreme
Few, if any(masonry), structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures in ground.
Underground pipelines completely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground.
Rails bent greatly.
>8.0
VIII or higher
Extreme
Damage total. Waves seen on ground surfaces. Line of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown
upward into air.
XII
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QUESTIONS ???
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MOVEMENTS OF RC FRAMES
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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF
REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMNS
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HOOKS IN COLUMNS
32
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REINFORCEMENT ARRANGEMENT IN
BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS
33
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FRICTION DAMPERS
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VISCOUS DAMPERS
35
YIELDING DAMPERS
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S.NO
POINT
DESCRIPTION
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN ?
IMAGE
37
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POINT
DESCRIPTION
IMAGE
38
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POINT
DESCRIPTION
IMAGE
39
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POINT
DESCRIPTION
OPEN GROUND
STOREY.
IMAGE
40
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POINT
DESCRIPTION
HOOK DETAILS.
IMAGE
41
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S.NO
POINT
DESCRIPTION
IMAGE
42
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POINT
DESCRIPTION
CONCRETE STRENGTH
(QUALITY) REPORT.
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE TO BE
CHECKED WHILE CONSTRUCTION AND
REPORTS TO BE SUBMITTED TO
DEVELOPER. AS PER IS 456:2000,
MINIMUM GRADE OF CONCRETE TO BE
USED IS M20(DESIGN MIX). COLUMNS
TO BE DESIGNED FOR A MINIMUM
GRADE OF M25.
CONCRETE MIX NEEDS TO BE
DESIGNED AND USED. VOLUMETRIC
BATCHING NEEDS TO BE DISPENSED
WITH, AS IT DOES NOT GIVE CORRECT
DESIGN STRENGTHS.
IMAGE
43
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S.NO
POINT
DESCRIPTION
IMAGE
44
Sequence of discussion:
Anatomy of earthquakes
Analysis for earthquake forces
Seismic design concepts
Discussion on IS 1893: 2002 (Part-1)
Seismic design procedures of MSS, chimney and water
tanks
Base isolation techniques
Design examples
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References to be made:
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1. Basics of earthquakes
Table of contents
Definition and causes of earthquakes
Continental drift theory and plate tectonics
Faults and types
Geometric notation
Earthquake waves
Characteristics of earthquake and affecting factors
Measurements of earthquakes
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49
Subduction
Transform
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CONVECTIVE CURRENTS
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PLATE BOUNDARIES
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Fault geometry
The orientation of the fault plane is described by its strike and dip.
Fault movement
Dip slip movement
Movement occurs along dip vector (reverse and normal)
Oblique slip
Movement with both dip-slip and strike-slip components
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54
Fault movement
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Focus:
Epicenter:
Point on earths surface obtained by joining center of
earth and focus
Hypo-central distance:
Distance between focus and epicenter
Epi-central distance:
Earths
surface
Types of earthquakes:
Shallow earthquake Focal depth < 70 km
Moderate earthquake Focal depth 70 300 km
Deep earthquake Focal depth > 300 km
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Hypocentral
distance or
focal depth
Center of earth
Focus or hypocenter
Epicenter
Observers point or recording
station
56
Earthquake waves:
Two types of seismic waves
Body waves and surface waves
Body waves are further classified in to two types.
P- waves (longitudinal), S-waves (transverse).
Surface waves Interaction between body waves and
surficial layers of earth.
Surface waves are classified in to two types, Love waves
and Raleigh waves.
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Wave mechanism
Wave mechanism
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Surface waves
Body waves
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Earthquake waves:
P - waves are analogous to sound
waves and hence cannot travel through
solids and liquids
S waves travels through the medium
causing shear deformations.
Why P waves reach the ground faster
than any other waves ?
Because, geologic materials are strong in
compression.
Accelerogram
60
Amplitude of a wave
Duration
61
of
Frequency of waves
62
Quantification of earthquakes :
Intensity, Magnitude are two modes of quantifying the
earthquake.
Intensity
Measure of strength of shaking
Measured on scale called Modified Mercalli intensity scale
Magnitude
Measure of physical shaking or measure of amount of energy released
Magnitude of earthquake doesnt change but intensity changes
Measured in various terms called Richter local magnitude, body wave
magnitude, surface wave magnitude and moment magnitude.
Moment magnitude represents the energy released during earthquake.
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Quantification of earthquakes :
Richter local magnitude:
Wood Anderson seismometer.
Equals to logarithmic value of amplitude with a base value of 10.
Amplitude value shall be measured on wood Anderson
seismometer at 100km from epicenter of earthquake.
Not always appropriate
64
RICHTER
SCALE
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Seismometer
METEY ENGINEERING AND CONSULTANCY
65
Magnitude saturation
For strong earthquakes, the measured characteristics
becomes
less
sensitive
compared
to
smaller
earthquakes.
This effect is magnitude saturation.
Body wave and Richter magnitude saturates at 6 to 7
Surface wave magnitude saturates at a value of 8
Moment magnitude
not saturate.
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Where,is
scale
66
INTENSITY
I
RATING
NOT FELT
REMARK
Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.
II
Weak
III
IV
V
VI
VII
MAGNITUDE
MERCALLI INTENSITY
<2.0
2.0-2.9
II-III
Weak
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many
people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly.
Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes
windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck
striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
3.0-3.9
III-IV
Light
4.0-4.9
IV-V
5.0-5.9
V-VI
6.0-6.9
VI-VII
7.0-7.9
VII-VIII
>8.0
VIII or higher
Felt by nearly everyone. Many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable
objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.
Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved. A few instances of fallen
Strong
plaster. Damage slight.
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction. Slight to moderate in
Very strong well built ordinary structures. Considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed
structures. Some chimneys broken.
Moderate
VIII
Severe
IX
Violent
Extreme
XI
Extreme
XII
Extreme
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Horizontal wave
recording
Vertical wave
recording
68
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Types of analysis
Classified based on
Behavior of materials/Objects (Linear or non-linear)
Nature of forces acting on the object (Static or dynamic)
Deformations of the objects under external loads (Small and large).
70
Mass vibrating in
fundamental mode
Design spectrum
71
Dynamic analysis
What is dynamic analysis ?
Analysis of a structure or structural element under the force that changes
with time.
72
Stiffness
Resistance of an object under unit deformation.
Amplitude of vibration
The maximum displacement obtained from the structure under free or
forced vibration.
Natural period
The natural period of a structure is its time period of un-damped free
vibration.
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Mode shape
The amplitude of mass of a structure in a particular mode.
Modal mass
It is a part of total seismic mass of structure that is effective in
corresponding mode.
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Idealization
MASS SPRING
DAMPER
M
C
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K C
77
Dynamic equilibrium
DeAlemberts Principle:
Moving mass generates inertia forces opposing the
motion.
ku
cu
mu
F(t)
mu Cu ku F (t )
Inertial force
Damping resisting
force
Elastic resisting force
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Types of vibrations
ku 0
Un-damped free vibration: mu
cu ku 0
mu
mu ku F (t )
cu ku F (t )
mu
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Solution or Response
Dynamic analysis is usually done for single degree freedom
systems and for multi degree freedom systems as well.
Response of the structure is found out by solving the equilibrium
equation under the respective conditions.
The equilibrium equation is solved for response by two methods:
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Solution or Response
u
f 3
t
The response of the structure is measured in wave form under specified boundary
conditions.
Every wave will have its own properties.
Time period, linear frequency, wave length, amplitude are the important properties.
Amplitude is max displacement occurred in structure.
Frequency is the number of cycles present in the wave
Time period is inverse of linear frequency.
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Solution or Response
u
f 3
t
The response of the structure is measured in wave form under specified
boundary conditions.
Every wave will have its own properties.
Time period, linear frequency, wave length, amplitude are the important
properties.
Amplitude is max displacement occurred in structure.
Frequency is the number of cycles present in the wave
Time period is inverse of linear frequency.
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Modal analysis
For multi degree freedom systems, process
of
determining the response of structure from
equation of un-damped free vibration is
called modal analysis or Eigen value
analysis.
c3
k3
c2
k2
m2
m1
c1
k1
m3u3 c3 u 3 u 2 k3 u3 u2 p3
84
c3
c
3
0
k3
k
3
0
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0
m2
m1
MASS MATRIX
c3
c3 c2
c2
c2
c2 c1
k3
k3 k 2
k2
DAMPING MATRIX
k2
k 2 k1
STIFFNESS MATRIX
85
Modal analysis
The solutions obtained from the determinant of the
characteristic equation are Eigen values or natural
frequencies of modes or simply modes.
The corresponding vectors are called Eigen vectors or
Mode shapes that gives possible deformation or
amplitude of vibration of the mass.
Number of solutions obtained will be equal to degree of
freedom in structure.
All the mode shapes are combined to get the final
possible deformation
of the structure under.
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METEY ENGINEERING AND CONSULTANCY
86
2
3
33
1
2
22
23
1
1
13
1
3
2
1
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Procedure
Divide N multi degree of freedom system in to N single degree
freedom systems.
Evaluate mass and stiffness matrices.
Find the N Eigen values and N Eigen vectors and each vector
having N Values.
N
Calculate modal mass.
Mn
W
i 1
N
in
g Wiin2
i 1
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M 1
T
M
T
88
Regular buildings: Those greater than 40m in height in zones in IV and V and those greater
than 90m in height in zones II and III.
Irregular buildings: All framed buildings higher than 12m in zones IV and V and hose greater
than 40m in height in zones II and III.
Dynamic analysis may be performed either by time history method or by the response spectrum
method.
However in either method, the design base shear shall be compared with a base shear
calculated using fundamental time period.
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90
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10
15
20
25
30
35
The ground motion or time history is the plot between time step and the
acceleration of the ground.
The response of the structure is measured under the ground acceleration.
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Mu Cu Ku Mu g
Perform modal analysis and find out Eigen values () and Eigen vectors
().
Pre multiply equation with transpose of mode shape coefficient matrix.
T
T
T
Mq Cq Kq Mu g
T
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Where, i = floor
k = mode
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Overall
Response
0.4
0.2
q1
0.5
0
-0.2 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-0.5
-0.4
0.5
0.5
0
0 5 101520253035
q3
q2
-0.5
0
0 5 101520253035
-0.5
0 5 101520253035
u3
32 q2
u2
22 q2
23 q3
u1
12 q2
13 q3
1
3 1
1
2 1
1
1 1
33 q3
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Ground
acceleration
-0.4
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Procedure
Prepare mass and stiffness matrices and write equation of dynamic
equilibrium and assume u=q.
Mu Cu Ku Q
Perform modal analysis and find out Eigen values () and Eigen vectors
().
T
1 mode.
Calculate modal participation
factors
of
each
P
n
T M
Ak
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2 R g
97
q1
Overall
Response
q3
u3
32 q2
u2
22 q2
23 q3
u1
12 q2
13 q3
1
3 1
1
2 1
1
1 1
P1
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q2
P2
33 q3
P3
98
Procedure
Calculate the design lateral seismic force at storey I and mode k.
Q ik Akik PkWi
Convert N multi degree freedom system to N single degree freedom
system.
Solve each equation independently to get response of each mode.
i
The overall response of the structure
can be combined by the method
Vik
Qik
square root of sum of squares.
k 1
k
k 1
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An example
3mts
100
Solution
Mass of beam
Mass of column
Mass of storey
336 Kg
335.94 (50%(500 * 3))
Seismic weight
12 EI
Stiffness of column
L
12 * 200 *103 * 40.27 *10 6
30003
3.58 *10 6 N / m
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Mass matrix
336 0
0 336
Stiffness matrix
7.16 *106
6
7.16 *10
Characteristic equation
7.16 *10 6
6
14.32 *10
K M
102
Eigen value
5.58 *10 4
0.82 *10
Eigen vector
90.22
236.2
21 22 1.00 1.00
1
2
0
.
62
1
.
62
1 1
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Modal mass
M 2 0.05
Mn
M
0
.
95
P2 0.1708
Pn
P1 1.1708
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106