CS 157A Chap 1 - Ahmad

Chapter 1
THE WORLDS OF
DATABASE SYSTEMS
Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011
CS157A
(1) DBMS is Oracle
Class Demo 8/29 and 9/5
Be in Team 8/29; Oracle installation
==== skip==========
(3) Data Clustering means Semantically

related data should be stored in nearby
secondary storage
(4) File is data structure on 2ndary

storage
The Worlds of Database

Systems
1.1 The Evolution of Database Systems
1.2 Overview of a Database Management
System
1.3 Outline of Database-System Studies
1.4 References for Chapter 1

Systems
1) Databases are involved with almost
every business in the world.
2) Almost any website has a database
behind the scene that serving up the
information you request.

Systems
3) Corporations maintain all their important
records in databases.
4) The power of databases comes from a
powerful software that has developed
over several decades and is called a
Database Management System or DBMS.
Section 1.1
THE EVOLUTION OF DATABASE

SYSTEMS
1.1 The Evolution of Database

Systems
What is a database?
Database is a collection of information

that exists over a long period of time,
even many years.
(TYLIN: when it starts, it never ends until

dies)
The term database refers to a collection

of data that is managed by a DBMS.
What the DBMS's do?

Systems (cont'd)
A DBMS is expected to:

1. Allow users to create new databases by
declaring the logical structure of the data

(schema) using a specialized language called
Data Definition Language (DDL).
2. Give users the ability to query (a question
about the data) the data, modify the data

using a specialized language called Data
Manipulation Language (DML).
3. Support the storage of huge amount of data
using very efficient access methods.

Systems (cont'd)
A DBMS is expected to: (cont'd)

4. Enable durability, the recovery of the data in
the case of failures.
5. Control access to data from many users
concurrently without any unexpected

interactions (called isolation)

Systems
1.1.1 Early Database Management Systems
1.1.2 Relational Database Systems
1.1.3 Smaller and Smaller Systems
1.1.4 Bigger and Bigger Systems
1.1.5 Information Integration
10
1.1.1 Early Database

Management Systems
The first DBMS's appeared in the late

1960's.
These systems evolved from file systems

that could just store large amount of
data over a long period of time.
They did not support the requirements

we counted in previous slides.
11
1.1.1 Early Database

Management Systems (cont'd)
The first important applications of DBMS's

are:
Banking systems
Airline reservation systems
Corporate record keeping
The early DBMS's used several different

data models like 'hierarchical' or treebased model and 'network' or graph-based
model.
These early DBMS's did not support a

high-level query language.
12
1.1.2 Relational Database

Systems
Relational Model (RM) was born in 1970

by a famous paper written by Ted Codd.
TYLin: David Hsiao Column based RM
Codd proposed a new two dimensional

(table) organization of data, which in
pure mathematics is called relation.
13
1.1.2 Relational Database

Systems
In this new model, the programmers were

not involved with the storage structure.
Queries could be expressed in a very

high-level language.
By 1990, relational database systems

were the norm.
14
1.1.3 Smaller and Smaller

Systems
Originally, DBMS's were large, expensive

software running on large computers.
The size was necessary because storing a

gigabyte of data required a large
computer.
But today, hundreds of gigabytes fit on a

single disk and we can put it on a laptop!
15
1.1.3 Smaller and Smaller

Systems
Another important trend (may not be

there any more) is the use of documents
using XML (eXtensible Modeling Language)
.
(In CS267) Large collections of small

documents can serve as a database, and
methods of querying and manipulating
them are different.
16
1.1.4 Bigger and Bigger

Systems
A gigabyte is not much data anymore!
Corporate routinely use terabytes(10 12

bytes) and petabytes (1015 bytes) of data
storage. Here are some examples:
Google holds petabytes of data for its crawler

of the Web.
Satellites send down petabytes of information.
Amazon keeps millions of products' picture and

info.
YouTube keeps millions of movies.
And so forth ...!
17
Consider a large company with

many divisions.
Each division has its own database

for its products and employees
independent of other divisions.
How can we integrate the

information?
18
One popular approach is the creation

of data warehousing where information
from many legacy databases is copied
periodically.
Another approach is the

implementation of a middleware to
integrate and translate data.
19
Section 1.2
OVERVIEW OF A DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
20
1.2 Overview of a Database

Management System
1.2.1 Data-Definition Language Commands
1.2.2 Overview of Query Processing
1.2.3 Storage and Buffer Management
1.2.4 Transaction Processing
1.2.5 The Query Processor
21
1.2.1 Data-Definition
Language Commands
22
1.2.2 Overview of Query

Processing
23
1.2.3 Storage and Buffer

Management
24
1.2.4 Transaction Processing
25
1.2.5 The Query Processor
26
Section 1.3
OUTLINE OF DATABASESYSTEM STUDIES

27
1.3 Outline of DatabaseSystem Studies
28
Section 1.4
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1
29
References for Chapter 1
30

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Chapter 1

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

(1) DBMS is Oracle

Class Demo 8/29 and 9/5

Be in Team 8/29; Oracle installation

(3) Data Clustering means Semantically

(4) File is data structure on 2ndary

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

The Worlds of Database

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

The Worlds of Database

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

The Worlds of Database

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

THE EVOLUTION OF DATABASE

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

1.1 The Evolution of Database

Database is a collection of information

(TYLIN: when it starts, it never ends until

The term database refers to a collection

What the DBMS's do?

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

1.1 The Evolution of Database

A DBMS is expected to:

declaring the logical structure of the data

2. Give users the ability to query (a question

about the data) the data, modify the data

using very efficient access methods.

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

1.1 The Evolution of Database

A DBMS is expected to: (cont'd)

the case of failures.

5. Control access to data from many users

concurrently without any unexpected

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

1.1 The Evolution of Database

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

1.1.1 Early Database

The first DBMS's appeared in the late

These systems evolved from file systems

They did not support the requirements

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

1.1.1 Early Database

The first important applications of DBMS's

Airline reservation systems

Corporate record keeping

The early DBMS's used several different

These early DBMS's did not support a

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

1.1.2 Relational Database

Relational Model (RM) was born in 1970

TYLin: David Hsiao Column based RM

Codd proposed a new two dimensional

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

1.1.2 Relational Database

In this new model, the programmers were

Queries could be expressed in a very

By 1990, relational database systems

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011

1.1.3 Smaller and Smaller

Originally, DBMS's were large, expensive

The size was necessary because storing a

But today, hundreds of gigabytes fit on a

Dr. T. Y. Lin | SJSU | CS 157A | Fall 2011