General physics II: Electromagnetism

By Jumar Cadondon

Course Outline and Description

Course name: PHYSICS 52
Course unit:

Schedule:2:30-4:00 MTh
Consultation hours:MTh 1:00-2:00
TF 10:00-12:00
T 3:00-4:00
Th 7:00-10:00

How to pass this course?

THREE LONG EXAMS
FINAL EXAM (The FE cancels out the lowest
score in any of the three long exams if possible)
PROBLEM SETS/ BOARD WORKS
BONUS POINTS

Passing Score: 60%

Course Syllabus
A. Electrostatics
1. Electric Charge
2. Coulombs Law
3. Electric Field
4. Electric Potential Difference & Electric Potential
5. Electric Potential Energy
6. Capacitors
a) Capacitance
b) Parallel-Plate Capacitor
c) Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
d) Energy Stored in a Capacitor
e) Dielectics
----------------------------------FIRST LONG EXAMINATION----------------------------------

Course Syllabus
B. Moving Charges
1. Electric Current
2. Resistivity and Resistance
3. Ohms Law
4. EMF, TPD, and Internal Resistance
5. Work, Energy and Power
6. Conservation Principle
C. Direct Current Circuits
1. Resistors in Series and in Parallel
2. Circuits Containing Purely Resistors: Kirchoffs Rules
3. R-C Series Circuit
---------------------------------SECOND LONG

Course Syllabus
A. Concept of Magnetic Field
B. Magnetic Induction
C. Magnetic Force

On Moving Charges

On Electric Currents

D. Magnetic Field of Electric Currents

Straight Current

Circular Current Solenoid

Toroid

E. Force Between Parallel Currents

F. Electromagnetic Induction

Faradays Law
Magnetic Energy

R-L Series Circuit

Lenzs Law

Inductance

--------------------------------THIRD LONG EXAMINATION---------------------------

References
Serway, Raymond A. and Vuille Chris. 2012.
College Physics. 9th Edition. Boston: Lachina
Publishing Services
Young, Hugh D. and Freedman, Roger A. 2013.
Sears and Zemanskys University Physics
with Modern Physics. 12th Edition. New York:
Pearson Madison Weasley Publishing
Company

Chapter 21

Electric Charge and

Electric Field
PowerPoint Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson Revised by Jumar G. Cadondon
Copyright Pearson Education Inc. Modified by Scott Hildreth Chabot College 2016

Introduction
Water makes life possible
as a solvent for biological
molecules. What electrical
properties allow it to do
this?
We now begin our study of
electromagnetism, one of
the four fundamental
forces in Nature.
We start with electric
charge and electric fields.

Goals for Chapter 21

Study electric charge & charge conservation
Learn how objects become charged
Calculate electric force between objects using
Coulombs law
Learn distinction between electric force and
electric field

Goals for Chapter 21

Calculate the electric field due to many charges

Visualize and interpret electric fields
Calculate the properties of electric dipoles

Electric Charge

Electric charge
Two positive or two
negative charges repel
each other.
A positive charge and a
negative charge attract
each other.
Check out:
http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=45AAIl9_lsc

Electric charge
Two positive or two
negative charges repel
each other.
A positive charge and a
negative charge attract
each other.

Electric charge

Two positive or two

negative charges repel
each other.
A positive charge and
a negative charge
attract each other.
Check out Balloons in
PhET simulations

Laser printer
A laser printer makes use of forces between
charged bodies.

Electric charge and the structure of matter

The particles of the

atom are the negative
electron, the positive
proton, and the
uncharged neutron.

Atoms and ions

A neutral atom has the same number of protons as electrons.
A positive ion is an atom with one or more electrons removed.
A negative ion has gained one or more electrons.

Atoms and ions

Conservation of charge
The proton and electron have the same magnitude
charge.
The magnitude of charge of the electron or proton is a
natural unit of charge. All observable charge is
quantized in this unit.
The universal principle of charge conservation states
that the algebraic sum of all the electric charges in any
closed system is constant.

Conductors and insulators

A conductor permits the

easy movement of charge
through it.
An insulator does not.

Conductors and insulators

A conductor permits the

easy movement of charge
through it. An insulator
does not.
Most metals are good
conductors, while most
nonmetals are insulators.

Conductors and insulators

A conductor permits the
easy movement of charge
through it. An insulator
does not.
Most metals are good
conductors, while most
nonmetals are insulators.
Semiconductors are
intermediate in their
properties between good
conductors and good
insulators.

Charging by induction
The negative rod is able to charge the metal ball without losing
any of its own charge.

Charging by induction
The negative rod is able to charge the metal ball without losing
any of its own charge.

Charging by induction
The negative rod is able to charge the metal ball without losing
any of its own charge.

Electric forces on uncharged objects

The charge within an insulator can shift slightly. As a result, an
electric force *can* be exerted upon a neutral object.

Electrostatic painting
Induced positive charge on the metal object attracts the
negatively charged paint droplets. Check out
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=zTwkJBtCcBA&NR=1

Coulombs law Electric FORCE

The magnitude of electric
force between two point
charges is directly
proportional to the
product of their charges

and
inversely proportional
to the square of the
distance between them.
Charge measured in Coulombs

Coulombs law
Mathematically:
F = k|q1q2|/r2
= (1/40)|q1q2|/r2

A VECTOR

Magnitude

Direction

Units

Coulombs law
Mathematically:
F = k|q1q2|/r2
= (1/40)|q1q2|/r2

k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2
x 10 12 C2/Nm2

Measuring the electric force between point charges

Example 21.1 compares the

electric and gravitational
forces.
An alpha particle has mass m = 6.64 x 10-27 kg
and charge q = +2e = 3.2 x 10-19 C.
Compare magnitude of electric repulsion
between two alpha particles and their
gravitational attraction

Force between charges along a line

Example 21.2 for two charges:

Two point charges, q1 = +25nC, and q2 = -75 nC,

separated by r = 3.0 cm. What is the Force of q1 on
q2? What is the force of q2 on q1?

Force between charges along a line

Example 21.3 for three charges:

Two point charges, q1 = +1.0nC at x = +2.0 cm, and

q2 = -3.0 nC at x = +4.0 cm. What is the Force of q1
and q2 on q3 = + 5.0 nC at x = 0?

Vector addition of electric forces

Example 21.4 shows that we must use vector addition when
adding electric forces.

Two equal positive charges, q1 = q2 = +2.0C are

located at x=0, y = 0.30 m and x=0, y = -.30 m
respectively.
What is the Force of q1 and q2 on Q = + 5.0 C
at x = 0.40 m, y = 0?

Vector addition of electric forces

Example 21.4 shows that we must use vector addition when
adding electric forces.

Vector addition of electric forces

Example 21.4 shows that we must use vector addition when
adding electric forces.

Vector addition of electric forces

Example 21.4 shows that we must use vector addition when
adding electric forces.

Electric field
A charged body produces an electric field in the space around it

Electric field
We use a small test charge q0 to find out if an electric field is
present.

Electric field
We use a small test charge q0 to find out if an electric field is
present.

Definition of the electric field

E fields are VECTOR fields and solutions to
problems require magnitude, direction, and units.

Definition of the electric field

E fields are VECTOR fields and solutions to
problems require magnitude, direction, and units.

Electric field of a point charge

E fields from positive charges point AWAY from the charge
E fields point in the direction a POSITIVE test charge would
move!

Electric field of a point charge

E fields point TOWARDS a negative charge
E fields point in the direction a POSITIVE test charge
would move!

Electric-field vector of a point charge

Example 21.6 - the vector
nature of the electric field.
Step 1: Coordinate System!

Step 2: SKETCH!

Electric-field vector of a point charge

Example 21.6 - the vector
nature of the electric field.
Step 1: Coordinate System!
Step 2: Sketch!
Step 3: COMPONENTS!!
Ex = kq/r2 cos () (-x dir)
Ey = kq/r2 sin () (+y dir)

Electric-field vector of a point charge

Example 21.6 - the vector
nature of the electric field.
Step 1: Coordinate System!
Step 2: Sketch!
Step 3: COMPONENTS!!
Ex = kq/r2 cos () i (-x dir)
Ey = kq/r2 sin () j (+y dir)

E@ P = -11 N/C i + 14 N/C j

Electron in a uniform field- Ex 21.7

Uniform field between two charged plates;
Electrical pressure (voltage!) from battery

Electron in a uniform field- Ex 21.7

What is acceleration of single electron in field?

What speed and KE after 1.0 cm? How much time?

Superposition of electric fields

The total electric field at a point is the vector sum of the fields due to
all the charges present.

Superposition of electric fields

The total electric field at a point is the vector sum of the fields due
to all the charges present.
For discrete charges: E = (kqi/ri3)ri = (kqi/ri2) ri

For *continuous charge distributions* E = k(dqi/ri2) ri

START by finding dE from a infinitesimal charge dq in an

infinitesimal element of length (ds), area (dA), or volume (dV)

Integrate over all dq in a line, surface, or volume.

Superposition of Infinitesimal charge elements:

E-Field of a linear ring (radius = a) of charge Q at
some point P a distance x away?

Total charge Q

EP =?
P

Superposition of Infinitesimal charge elements:

Field of a linear ring of charge
What is dQ in a tiny segment ds?
Total Charge Q

ds

Total length = 2a
Charge/length =
Q/ 2a

dQ = ds

Ex 21.9 Field of charged line segment

Field of a linear ring of charge

Ex 21.10 - Field of a charged line segment

More challenging!
The point P is no longer the SAME distance away from every
element ds!!

Ex. 21.11 Field of disk of charge

Treat the disk as superposition of multiple rings of
thickness dr!
dQ here: da = (2r)dr

Field of two oppositely charged infinite sheets

Follow Example 21.12.

Electric field lines

An electric field line is an imaginary line or curve

whose tangent at any point is the direction of the electric
field vector at that point. (See Figure 21.27 below.)

Electric field lines of point charges

Electric field lines of a single point charge and for two charges of
opposite sign and of equal sign.

Electric dipoles

An electric dipole is a pair of

point charges having equal
but opposite sign and
separated by a distance.
Water molecules form an
electric dipole.

Dipole electric fields

The total electric field at a point is the vector sum of the fields due to
all the charges present.

Ex 21.14 - Electric field of a dipole

What is E at a distance y from a dipole separated by a
distance d (and dipole moment P = qd)?

Force and torque on a dipole

A dipole in an electric field can rotate!

The field exerts a torque on the dipole about its center.

F = qE and = r x F with magnitude (d q)Esin()

Define p = qd, direction p along dipole to plus +