HOMOGENEOUS

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
 Homogeneous Function
A function f(x,y) is called Homogeneous of
degree n if
f ( x, y)  t f ( x, y)
n

Where t is a nonzero real number. Thus

x y
10 10
 x
xy , 2 and ... sin 
 
 are
x y 2
 y
Homogeneous function of degree 1, 8 and 0
respectively
 Homogeneous Equation
dy
A first order DE of the form  f ( x, y)
dx
Is said to be Homogeneous if the function f does
not depend on x and y separately, but only on
ratio y . Thus first order homogeneous
x
dy  y
equation are of the form  g   ---------(1)
dx  x
A homogeneous equation dy  y 
 g 
dx  x
Is transformed into a separable equation (in the
variables y and x) by the substitution y = vx
 dy  dv  in eq (1)
Put y = vx and  v  x 
dx  dx 
dv dv
v x  g (v )  v  g (v )  x 0
dx dx
 [v  g (v )]dx  xdv  0

This can be separated and be solved

dv dx
  v  g(v )
 
x
Solve y 2

 2 xy  x dy  0 2
-----------(1)

dy y  2 xy 2
Soln:  2
dx x
dy dv
Put y  vx and v x
dx dx
So eq (1) becomes
v 2 x 2  2 xvx
v x
dv
dx

x 2

  v  2v
2

x
dv
dx

  v  3v
2


dv

v  v  3

dx
x 
 1 1 1  dx
  
3  v v  3
dv    x
1 1
log v  log  v  3   log x  log c
3 3
3
v c1  v   c1 
 log  3 log  log    log  
v3 x v  3 x
 v  c 3
1 c  y 
   3  3  x  c
v  3 x x    3
y
  3 x
 x y  c ( y  3)
3 x 
Solve  2 x  5 y  dx  (4 x  y )dy  0
when y(1)=4
dy (2 x  5 y )
Soln:  -----------(1)
dx (4 x  y )
Put y  vx and dy dv
v x
dx dx
So eq(1) becomes
dv ( 2 x  5vx ) ( 2  5v )
v x  
dx (4 x  vx ) (4  v )
dv ( 2  5v ) ( 4  v )dv dx
x  v   
dx (4  v ) (v  1) v  2  x
 dv dv dx
  v 1
2  v2
  x
log(v  1)  2 log v  2  log x  log c
( v  1) ( v  1)
 log  log cx   cx
( v  2) 2
( v  2) 2

y y
 [  1]  cx[  2]  [ y  x ]  c[ y  2 x ]2
2

x x
 [4  1]  c[4  2]  [4  1]  c[4  2]
2 2

1
c
12  12[ y  x ]  [ y  2 x ] 2
Solve

ydy  xdx  x  y dx
2 2

Solve
( xy  y )dx  x dy  0..when.. y(1)  1
2 2
 EQUATIONS
REDUCIBLE TO
HOMOGENEOUS
FORM
Equation Reducible to Homogeneous Form
The DE
(a1 x  b1 y  c1 )dx  (a 2 x  b2 y  c2 )dy  0
Is not homogeneous. It can be reduced to
homogeneous form as explained below
a1 b1
Case-I If  then make the
a2 b2

transformation x = X + h, y = Y + k
(a1 X  b1Y  a1 h  b1 k  c1 )dX
 (a 2 X  b2Y  a 2 h  b2 k  c2 )dY  0
Let h and k be the solution of the system of
equations
a1 h  b1 k  c1  0
a 2 h  b2 k  c2  0
Then for calculated values of h and k eq (1) will be
reduced to homogeneous form
(a1 X  b1Y )dX  (a2 X  b2Y )dY  0
In the variables X and Y
Case-II a1 b1
If 
a2 b2
then put z  a1 x  b1 y
And the given equation will reduce to a separable
equation in the variables x and z
 dy 2 x  y  1
Solve 
dx x  2 y  3
Soln: Let x = X+h and y = Y+k, then

dy 2( X  h)  Y  k  1

dx X  h  2(Y  k )  3
dy 2 X  Y  2h  k  1
 
dx X  2Y  h  2k  3
Now 2
 2h  k  1  0 5h + 5 = 0
   h = -1
 h  2k  3  0
 dy 2 X  Y  2  1  1
 
dx X  2Y  1  2  3
Y
dy 2 X  Y dy 2 
  X
dx X  2Y  dx   Y 
Put Y = vX 1  2 
 X
dv 2v
v X 
dX 1  2v
dv 2v
X  v
dX 1  2v
 dv 2  v  v  2v 2(1  v )2 2
X  
dX 1  2v 1  2v
(1  2v ) dX
  1 v 2
dv  2 
X
dv 2vdv dX
  1 v 2
  1 v 2
2 
X
1
 tan v  ln(1  v )  2 ln X  ln c
2

1
 tan v  ln(1  v )  ln X  ln c
2 2
 1
 tan v  ln c(1  v ) X 2 2

Y  Y  2
2
 tan 1
 ln c 1  2  X
X  X 

1 Y
 tan  ln c( X  Y )
2 2

X
 ( y  1) 
 tan 1
  ln c[( x  1) 2

 ( x  1) 
 ( y  1) ]
2
 dy 3 x  4 y  2
Solve 
dx 3 x  4 y  3
Soln: Let z = 3x – 4y then

dz dy  dy  3  ( 1 ) dz
 34
dx dx dx 4 4 dx
3 1 dz z  2
 ( ) 
4 4 dx z  3
1 dz 3 z  2
( )  
4 dx 4 z  3
 1 dz ( z  1)
( ) 
4 dx 4( z  3)
dz ( z  1)
 
dx ( z  3)
( z  3)dz
  ( z  1) 
  dx

dz
  
dz  4
( z  1) 
  dx
  z  x  c1  4 ln( z  1)

Put z = 3x – 4y

 3 x  4 y  x  c1  4 ln( 3 x  4 y  1)

c1
 x y  ln( 3 x  4 y  1)
4
 x  y  c  ln( 3 x  4 y  1)
 Solve dy x  2 y  5

dx 2 x  y  1

dy y x 1
Solve 
dx y x5