ENGLISH SENTENCES

SUBJECT -PREDICATE - OBJECT

NOUNS
can be subject or object
- common nouns
- abstract nouns

VERBS
Full Verb: sleep, eat, meet, write, speak
Auxiliary:
- do, does, did
- to be; is, am,are, was, were, has been,

have been, had been, will be, can be,

may be, must be
- modals; can, could, may, might, must,
ought to, will, would, shall, should
ADJECTIVES
Modify nouns; good boy, pretty girl,
sweet corn, round table, beautiful song
ADVERBS
Modify non-nouns; very good, well done,
run fast, clearly enough

PRESENT TENSE
1. Habitual Actions
a. Dogs bark every time.
b. I often hear my sister singing
c. Ahmad goes to mosque twice a day.
d. He doesn't draw a tree
e. Do you swim every Sunday?
2. General Truths
a. The sun rises in the east
b. The earth revolves around the sun
c. Does Mount Krakatau often erupt?
d. Water doesn't boil at 25 celcius.
3. Future Activities
a. I go to Balikpapan next Monday
b. The next semester begins in three weeks
c. Does the school open three days later?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Actual Progress.
Mother is cooking rice in the kitchen
The children are watching television now
Is your father reading a magazine at present?
2. Near Future.
I am going to the theatre tonight
The film is not coming soon.
Are you visiting your grand mother next
week?

PAST TENSE
1. Past Time
They left an hour ago
I didn't get a letter yesterday
Did she buy a watch this

morning?
2. Past Habit
My daughter always carried an
umbrella
They never drank wine

PAST CONTINUOUS
TENSE
1. Temporary Activities
I was studying when the light went

out
The telephone did not ring while we
were taking a rest
Were you reading novel when father
came

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Past to the Moment of Speaking
I have worked since I left school
She has lived here all her life
He has not been in the army for three
years
Have you driven a car during the
vacation?

PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS

Past to Still Continuing Up to The

Moment of Speaking

He has been working at that office

since he was 17.

I have been waiting for an hour and
he still hasn't turned up.
Have they been living here for six
weeks.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Before a point of time in the past

They went home after they had

finished their work

The rain hadn't stopped when I left
school
Had your cousin sold his car before he
went abroad

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The action began before the time of speaking in the
past and continued up to that time, or stopped just
before it

We had been living in Kediri for three

years before we moved to Japan

Had you been waiting for us for a long
time when we arrived?

PRESENT FUTURE
Actions will occur in the future

We will leave in an hour

She won't telephone you tonight
Will you come back to campus?
Clauses of Condition
If it doesn't rain, I will come to your house
If I drop this glass it will break
Asking permission or affirmation
Will you go with us?
Shall I begin now?

PRESENT FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
The action is going on at a point of

time in the future

I will be waiting for you at
the usual time We will be working
hard next week
Please don't
come at 3 p.m., I will be
sleeping

PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE

Activities that occur and are completed

before another activity or point of time in

the future.
We will have finished the work by ten
o'clock.
If you come after 5, you will be late. I will
have gone by then.
Will she have joined the dancing club this
month?

PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE

CONTINUOUS
Activities occur in the future that are

completed before another activity and

emphasizes the continuous nature of the
action. They will have been studying
English for
seven years by the end
of this year
She won't have been
living in that
house for over a year by
this time next year
Will Ami have
been staying here for
three weeks by
next Tuesday?

MODALS

always used with verbs, and modify or add

the meaning of the verbs

SHALL ; futurity, strong determination,

agreement, advice I shall see

He shall
do as I say Shall I open the window
SHOULD ; advisability, probability You
look tired, you should take a rest It's
already 1.40. Martha should be at home
now. Where is she?

MODALS
WILL ; futurity , question, request

We will go by bus
Will you open the
book?
WOULD ; past, polite request, want I
knew he would come
Would you give
this letter to the
principal?
I
would like a cup of tea

MODALS
CAN ; ability, permission He can drive a
car Can I go now? You can leave at 7
tonight.
COULD ; past ability, polite permission,
little possibility My father could play
tennis when he was young Could you
help me now? He could be at home
now, but he usually plays badminton
in the evening

MODALS
MAY ; probability, formal permission,

wish He may be at home now You may

leave the room now May God bless
you.
MIGHT; past, possibility He thought
that she might be late Please give his
book back, he might need it

MODALS
MUST ; necessity, conclusion

I must study hard

He isn't here. He must be out

PASSIVE VOICE
The door is painted
The door was painted
The door will be painted
The door has been painted
The door had been painted
The wall is being painted
The wall was being painted
The wall has been being painted
The wall will be being painted

THANK YOU

A SMOOTH SEA
NEVER MAKES A
GOOD SAILOR!