A

Seminar on

CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.Network
3.LineConfiguration
4.Topology
5.TransmissionMode
6.CategoriesOfNetwork
7.InterNetwork
8.Conclusion

What is network?
A Network

Is A Set Of Devices Connected

By Media Links. The Devices Can Be A
Computer, Printer, Or An Other Device
Capable Of Sending Or Receiving Data
Generated By Other Devices On The
Network.

Introduction
Sometimethequestionmayariseinourmind:
How data can transferred from one device to
another?
In which way a picture can send from one place to
another?
Howcorrectdatareceivedbythereceiver?
How sender know that the message which he send
receivedbythereceiver?

Beforethisweshouldunderstandthe
relationshipbetweenthecommunicatingdevices.
Forthisrelationship,fivegeneralconceptsare
provide.
Theseare:
Lineconfiguration

Topology
Transmissionmode
Categoriesofnetwork
Internetworks

LINE CONFIGURATION
It refers to the way two or more communication
devicesattachtoalink.
LINK:It is the physical communication path that
transfersdatafromonedevicetoanotherforthe
purposeofvisualization.
It is simplest to imagine any link as a line drawn
betweentwopoints.
Line configuration defines the attachment of
communicatingdevicestoalink.

 Thesearetwopossiblelineconfigurations.
Pointtopoint,,,Multipoint

Point to point
Itprovidesadedicatedlinkbetweentwodevices.
The entire capacity of the channel is reserved for
transmissionbetweenthosetwodevices.
Multipoint
Amultipoint(alsocalledmultidrop)lineconfigurationisone
inwhichmorethantwospecificdevicesshareasinglelink.
In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is
sharedeitherspatiallyortemporarily.Ifseveraldevicescanuse
thelinksimultaneouslyitisspatiallysharedlineconfiguration.
Ifusersmusttaketurnsitisatimesharedlineconfiguration.

Topology
Thetermtopologyreferstothewayanetworkislaid

outeitherphysicallyorlocally.
Twoormoredevicesconnecttoalink;twoormore
linksfromatopology.
Thetopologyofnetworkisthegeometricrepresentation
of the relationship of all the links and linking devices
(usuallycallednodes)toeachother.
There are 4 basic topologies are possible. They are as
follows:
1.MESH

2.STAR
3.BUS
4.RING

MESH TOPOLOGY
Inameshtopology,everydevicehasadedicated

pointtopointlinktoeveryotherdevices.
The term dedicated means that the link carries
trafficsonlybetweenthetwodevicesitconnect.
Afullyconnectedmeshnetworkthereforehasn
(n-1)/2physicalchannelstolinkndevices.
Everydevicehasn1I/Oports.

ADVANTAGES

Dedicatedlinksguaranteesthateachconnectioncancarryitsown
dataload.Thuseliminatingtrafficproblems.

Linkfailurecantincapacitytheentirenetwork.
Duetodedicatedlinks,privacy&securitycanbereserved.
Faultidentification&recoveryiseasier.

DISADVANTAGES
CostEffective.
AlargenumberofI/Oportarequired.
Installation&reconfigurationaredifficult.
Stressoninfrastructure.
H/Wrequiredconnectingeachlinkprohibitivelyexpensive.

STAR TOPOLOGY
In a star topology, each device has a
dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller,usuallycalledahub.
The devices are not directly linked to each
other.
Unlike a mesh topology, a star topology
doesntallowdirecttrafficbetweendevices.
The controller acts as an exchange . if one
device wants to send data to another , it sends
datatothecontroller,whichthenrelaysthedata
totheotherconnecteddevices.

Star topology :

ADVANTAGES
A star topology is less expensive than a mesh
topology.
Unlike mesh topology, one I/O port is required for
device.
Easytoinstallandreconfigure.
Lesscabling,hencelessstress.
Ifonelinkisfailedthenthatlinkisaffected.Allother
linksareremainactive.
Faultidentificationandfaultisolationiseasier.

DISADVANTAGES
As each node is connected to a centrally placed
hub,somorecablesareusedthanothertopologies.
Trafficproblemarises.
Privacyisnotmaintained.

BUS TOPOLOGY
Abustopologyisamultipointconfiguration.
One long cable as a back bone to link all the
devicesinthenetwork,nodesareconnectedto
thebuscablebydroplinesandtapes.
Adroplineisaconnectionrunningbetween
thedeviceandthemaincable.
Atapeisaconnectionthateithersplicesinto
themaincableorpicturestheseeingofacable
tocreateacontactwiththemetalliccore.

ADVANTAGES
Itincludeseaseofinstallation.
Backlinecablecanbelaidalongthemostefficientpath
than connected to the nodes by drop lines of various
lengths.
In this way a bus uses less cabling than mesh, star or
treetopology.
DISADVANTAGES
Itisincludedifficultreconfigurationandisolation.
A bus is usually designed to be optimally efficient at
installation.
Itcanthereforebedifficulttoaddnewdevices.
Afaultonbreakinbuscablestopsalltransmission.
Itpartiallydamagedareacreatesnoiseitmaydisturbthe
signalinbothdirections.

Bus topology: --

RING TOPOLOGY
In a ring topology, each device has a
dedicatedpointtopointlineconfigurationonly
withthetwodevicesoneithersideofit.
A signal is passed along the ring in one
directionfromdevicetodeviceuntilitreaches
itsdestination.
Eachdeviceintheringcorporateadepter.
When a device receives a signal interred
foranotherbitsandpassesthanalong.

 ADVANTAGES

Easytoinstallandreconfigure.
Addingnewdevicesiseasy,onlyremoveand
addtwoconnections.
Faultisolationiseasy.

DISADVANTAGES

Unidirectionaltraffic.
Abreakcandisabletheentirenetwork.

Ring network:

TRANMISSION MODE
Thetermtransmissionmodeisusedtodefine
the direction of signal flow between linked
devices.
Therearethreetypesoftransmissionmodes.

1.SIMPLEX
2.HALF-DUPLEX
3.FULL-DUPLEX

 1-SIMPLEX

Insimplexmode,thecommunicationisunidirectionalas
onaonewaystreet.onlyoneofthetwostationsonalink
cantransmit,theothercanonlyreceive.
2-HALF-DUPLEX
In half duplex mode each station can both transmit
andreceivebutnotatthesametime.whenonedeviceis
sendingtheothercanonlyreceivesandviceversa.
Thehalfduplexmodeislikeaonelanerodewithtwo
directionaltraffic.
Whileoneistravelinginonedirection,onegoingthe
other way must wait. In half duplex transmission the
entirecapacityofachannelistakenoverbywhicheven
ofthetwodevicesistransmittedatthesametime.

 3-FULL-DUPLEX
Inafullduplexmodebothstationscantransmitand

receivesimultaneously.
The full duplex mode is like a two way street with
trafficfollowinginbothdirectionatthesametime.
Infullduplexmodesignalsgoingineitherdirection
sharethecapacityoflink.
This sharing can occur in two ways either the must
contain two physically separate transmission paths, one
forsendingandtheotherforreceivingonthecapacityof
the channel is divided between signals traveling in
oppositedirections.

CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS
Accordingtothesizeofnetwork,its
ownership,thedistanceitconvertsandits
physicalarchitecture,therearemainly3types
ofnetworks.
1.Localareanetwork(LAN)
2.Metropolitanareanetwork(MAN)
3.Wideareanetwork(WAN)

Categories of Networks:

1. Local area network

Alocalareanetworkisusuallyprivatelyowned

andlinksthedeviceinasingleoffice,balancingon
campus.
Dependingontheneedsofanorganizationand
thetypeoftechnologyused,aLANcanbeas
simpleastwopiecesandaprinterinsomeoneoffice
onitcanextendthroughoutacompany.
ThemostcommonLANarebus,ringandstar.
ThedatatransferrateinLANisincreasingand
100mbpswithGigabitsystem.

Localareanetwork(LAN):--

2.Metropolitan area network

(MAN):
Ametropolitanareanetwork

(MAN)isdesignedtoextendoveran
entirecity.Itmaybesinglenetwork
eachasacabletelevisionnetworkorit
maybeameansofconnectinga
numberofLANsintoalargernetwork.

Metropolitan area network (MAN): -

3. Wide area network (WAN)

Awideareanetwork(WAN)provideslong

distancetransmissionofdata,voice,imageand
videoinformationoverlargegeometricalareas
inbetweencompanieswithacountry,a
continent,oreveninthewholeworld.
WANsmayutilizepublic,leasedonprivate
communicationdevice,usuallyincombinations
andthereforespananunlimitednumberofmiles.
Thesecondisthenameofaspecific
worldwidenetwork.

WAN

INTER NETWORKS

CONCLUSION
Accordingtoourrequirements,we

have to decide, which topology is

useful in forming a network
connection.