PLTN dan Pembangkit

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Introduction
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Concept of power plant

Power plant is assembly of system or subsystems
to generate electricity.

Steam power plant

Diesel power plant
Gas turbine power
plant
Nuclear power
plant

Thermal
power plant

Thermal power plant: mengkonversi

energi panas ke energi listrik

Types of Energy
Nuclear energy producing heat by
fission or fussion on nuclei.
Thermal energy kinetic or
potential energy associated with
random motion in an object.
Chemical energy comes from a
chemical reaction.
Kinetic energy energy of motion

Review of Thermodynamics Cycles

Related to Power Plants
Thermodynamics is the science of many
processes involved in one form of energy being
changed into another.
0th law if 2 bodies are each in thermal
equilibrium with a third, they must be in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
1th law energy cant destroyed and created
2th law No transformation of energy resource
can ever be 100% efficient
3th law entropy of an ideal crystal at zero
degree kelvin is zero

Classification of Power Plant

Cycle
1. Vapour power cycle
Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle,
Regenerative cycle, Reheat cycle,
Binary vapour cycle
2. Gas power cycle
Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual
combustion cycle, Gas turbine cycle

Carnot Cycle
Effisiensi plant:

Practically, it is difficult to be realized

Rankine Cylce

Binary vapour cycle

Reheat-Regenerative cycle

Steam Power Plant

Steam is an important medium of
producing mechanical energy.
It is available in abundance and it
does not react much with the
equipment of the plant.
It is stable at the temperature
required by the plant.
At supercritical pressure, steam can
take heat much from the boiler.

Steam at supercritical pressure

No boiling phenomenon
High specific enthalpy
High outlet temperature (high eff.)
Low coolant flow rate (1/10 of LWRs)

Compact plant system with high efficiency

ce: Oka, et al., Super Light Water Reactors and Super Fast Reactors, Springer New York(2010).

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Essentials of steam power plant equipment

A steam power plant at least must have:
A furnace to burn the fuel
Steam generator or boiler containing
water. Heat generated in the furnace is
utilized to convert water into steam.
Main power unit such as an engine or
turbine to use the heat energy of steam
and perform work.
Piping system to convey steam and water.

Steam power plant with coal as the fuel

Process of coal-fueled power

plant

Coal received in the coal storage.

Coal is transferred to the furnace by coal handling unit.
Heat is produced due to burning of the coal
The heat converts the water into steam at suitable
temperature and pressure.
The steam generated is passed through the superheater
to produce superheated steam.
The superheated steam flows through turbines where
the kinetic energy is converted to mechanical energy.
Steam leaving the turbine flows to condenser which the
water of condenser can be taken from river, lake or sea.
The condensed steam is pumped into the boiler, again.

Power station design

Selection of site
Estimation of capacity of power station
Selection of turbines and their auxiliaries
Selection of boilers and their auxiliaries.
Design of fuel handling system
Selection of condensers
Design of cooling system
Design of piping system to carry steam and water
Selection of electrical generator
Design of control instruments
Design of layout of power station.

Characteristics of steam power

plant
The power plant design should be:
Higher efficiency
Lower cost
Ability to burn coal especially of high
ash content
Reduced environmental impact in
term of air pollution
Higher reliability and availability

Coal handling

Coal delivery: The coal from supply points is delivered by

ships or boats to power stations situated near to sea or
river whereas coal is supplied by rail or trucks to the
power stations which are situated away from sea or river.
Unloading: The type of equipment to be used for
unloading the coal received at the power station depends
on how coal is received at the power station.
Preparation: When the coal delivered is in the form of
big lumps and it is not of proper size, the preparation
(sizing) of coal can be achieved by crushers, breakers,
sizers driers and magnetic separators.

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