Introduction to

Ergonomics

 Ergonomics

(or human factors)

is the application of scientific
information concerning humans
to the design of objects, systems
and environment for human use.
(definition
adopted
by
the
International Ergonomics Associa
tion
in 2007).

Overview
Ergonomists contribute to the design and
evaluation
of
tasks,
jobs,
products,
environments and systems in order to make
them compatible with the needs, abilities and
limitations of people (IEA, 2000).
Ergonomics comes into everything which
involves people. Work systems, sports and
leisure, health and safety should all embody
ergonomics principles if well designed.(
International Ergonomics Association in 2007
)

Benefits of Ergonomics
Decreased

risk of injury
Increased productivity
Increased quality and efficiency
Decrease lost work days
Decrease turnover
Improve morale

Factors which Affect Injury

Potential in the Workplace
Occupational
Stressors

Work
Methods &
Training

Personal
Risk
Factors

Pre-Existing
Conditions

Experience

Leisure
Activities

Ergonomics Principles

Design for human use

Fits the task to the worker

People are different
People have limitations
People age

Utilize a multi-disciplinary approach to

problem solving

Foundations
Ergonomics

draws on many
disciplines in its study of humans and
their environments, including
anthropometry, biomechanics,
engineering, kinesiology, physiology
and psychology.

A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to
Problem Solving
MEDICINE

PHYSIOLOGY

MATHEMATICS

PHYSICS

BIOMECHANICS

ENGINEERING

PSYCHOLOGY

ERGONOMICS

Ergonomics encompasses all aspects of human 'fit',

not just the physical factors

History

The term ergonomics from the Greek: ergon

[work] and nomos [natural laws])
Wojciech Jastrzbowski (1857 )
In the 19th century, Frederick Winslow Taylor
pioneered the "Scientific Management" .
Frank and Lilian Gilbreth 1900s to develop "Time
and Motion Studies".
World War II : new and complex machines and
weaponry. The decision-making, attention,
situational awareness and hand-eye coordination
of the machine's operator became key in the
success or failure of a task.
Space Age , G-forces,Information :
human-computer interaction (HCI).
consumer goods and electronics

Domains
The IEA divides ergonomics broadly
into three domains:
Physical ergonomics physical and
physiological loads. Relevant topics
include manual materials handling,
workstation layout, job demands, and
risk factors such as repetition,
vibration, force and awkward/static
posture as they relate to
musculoskeletal disorders (see
repetitive strain injury ).

 Cognitive

ergonomics /engineering
psychology include
:
perception,
attention, cognition, motor control,
and memory storage and retrieval as
they affect interactions among humans
and other elements of a system.
Relevant topics include
mental workload, vigilance, decision
making, skilled performance, human
error, human-computer interaction,
and training.

 Organizational

ergonomics/macroergonomics:
sociotechnical systems, including
their organizational structures,
policies, and processes. Relevant
topics
include
shift
work,
scheduling,
job
satisfaction,
motivational theory, supervision,
teamwork, telework and ethics.

Organizational Influences
Wage

system
Quality Control
Management-Labor Relations
Machine-paced vs. self-paced work
Overtime
Shift work
Rest breaks

Workplace Indicators
Performance

deterioration
Quality problems
Absenteeism/turnover
OSHA Logs and WC Reports
Complaints of fatigue and discomfort

PHYSICAL
BAJU WIDJASENA
BAGIAN K3 FKM
UNDIP

DEFINISI :
Ilmu tentang fisiologi tubuh manusia
saat bekerja
Bekerja merupakan hasil koordinasi dari
kerja sama indera, otak, syaraf dan otot
yang ditunjang oleh kerja jantung,
paru, ginjal dan lain-lain

Kapasitas fisik
kemampuan
orang
untuk
menerima beban fisik saat kerja
dipengaruhi
:
somatik,
pekerjaan, psikis, lingkungan &
adaptasi/ latihan
parameter :
denyut jantung, tekanan darah,
irama pernapasan, suhu tubuh,
kebutuhan kalori, kebutuhan O2

KERJA OTOT
Organ

utama kerja fisik

Kontraksi & relaksasi
Ditentukan oleh : jumlah serat, daya
kontraksi & kecepatan kontraksi
Kerja statis & dinamis
Perlu Phospat Energi Tinggi

Perbedaan Kerja otot statis dan

dinamis
Statis
kontraksi tetap
aliran darah terhambat
dipompa
energi >>

Dinamis
berirama

energi<

Efek kerja statis

tekanan
kurang
dari 15 - 20 % ,
normal
tanpa
keluhan
tekanan 15 - 20
%, keluhan nyeri
setelah beberapa
hari kerja
tekanan
60 %,
aktivitas
terganggu

SISTEM SIRKULASI SAAT KERJA

Kerja

berakibat perubahan uptake

oksigen oleh jantung dan paru.
Kemampuan kerja terkuat
dipengaruhi oleh jumlah maksimum
oksigen.

VENTILASI PULMONAL
SAAT KERJA
Gerakan

masa gas keluar masuk

paru untuk mencukupi metabolisme
Perkalian antara kecepatan
pernapasan dengan nilai rata-rata
tidal volume yang ekspirasikan
Normal 10-20 x/menit
Dalam & kecepatan napas seimbang
(anak:dewasa ; latihan:tidak)

1.

2.

3.

Pengaturan frekuensi napas saat

kerja belum jelas
Spindel otot ?
Faktor yang berpengaruh :
Rangsangan langsung ke pusat
napas
Rangsangan tak langsung pada
propioceptor
Faktor humoral : kadar oksigen,
karbondioksida dan ion H

 Pembatasan

napas adalah kebutuhan

O2
Istirahat : 0,5-1 ml O2/l ventilasi
Naik 10 kali saat kerja
Ventilasi pulmonal kerja sangat berat
> ventilasi pembebanan maksimal

GINJAL

PENCERNAAN

Saat kerja terjadi pengurangan

gerakan & sekresi lambung
bertambah sesuai kerja
Disebabkan oleh aktivitas simpatik
& parasimpatik
Normal kembali setelah 1-2 jam
kerja

ALAT UKUR : ANTROPOMETER

PENGGUNAAN DATA
PERCENTILE : 5th & 95th PERCENTILE
HEIGHT
(MEAN SD) 1.64 = 5th ILE
(MEAN + SD) 1.64 = 95TH ILE
DIMENSI MINIMAL, PERCENTILE
MAX
DIMENSI MAXIMAL, PERCENTIL MIN

ANTROPOMETRI

1.
2.

1.

STRUCTURAL/ STATIS
DUDUK
BERDIRI
FUCTIONAL/ DINAMIS
JANGKAUAN

WORK POSTURE

STANDING
SITTING
SITTING & STANDING
LYING
SQUATTING

SIKAP KERJA ( WORK POSTURE )

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISSORDERS
Gerakan Berulang
High Risk Repetition Rates by Different Body Parts
Body Part
Shoulder
Upper Arm/Elbow
Forearm/Wrist
Finger

Repetitions Per Minute

More than 2
More than 10
More than 10
More than 200

From Kilbom [1994]. Repetitive work of the upper extremity; Part II: The scientific
basis for the guide. Int J Ind Erg 14:5986.

FATIGUE

COGNITIVE
ERGONOMIC

Schematic of French, Rogers and Cobbs theory of personenvironment (PE) fit

Surry's model

DISPLAY & CONTROL

DISPLAY
Peristiwa yang memberi informasi
tentang keadaan yang sedang /
sudah terjadi
Transfer informasi dari lingkungan ke
manusia/ pekerja
Baik bila : cepat, tepat dan sensitif

Penggunaan warna
merah
kuning

CONTROL
Transmisi informasi pengendalian ke
alat
Tipe informasi
a. tenaga kecil : diskret (push-button,
switch); kontinyu (knob, joystick)
b.
tenaga
besar
:
diskret
(pengungkit); kontinyu : foot pedal

HUBUNGAN CONTROL & DISPLAY

Relative speeds of movement
Stereotyped reactions
National differences
Prinsip Desain Control Panel
1. Control dekat dengan display
2. Labelisasi pada display & control
3. Control berturutan : susun kiri ke
kanan
4. Jika tidak urut : warna, label, knob

Figure 29.1. The criteria and sub-criteria of the taxonomy of micro-worlds

proposed by Brehmer (1990)

Figure 29.2.

Cognitive analysis of the task: general anaesthesia

ORGANIZATIONAL ERGONOMIC

SISTEM MANUSIAORGANISASI KERJA

Lama

Kerja : 8jam/ hari; 40 jam/mg

Lembur tidak melebihi 3 jam/hari;
Istirahat minimal jam setelah 4
jam kerja
Beban kerja sedang-berat: istirahat
pendek 10-15 menit tiap 2 jam

MACROERGONOMIC
Kegagalan

microergonomic
Pendekatan sistemik, holistik,
interdisipliner, participatory
Inti Utama : Participatory Approach

What is Participatory
Ergonomics?

Participatory

Ergonomics (PE)
involves employees in ergonomic
design and analysis (Noro & Imada, 1991)
This can be accomplished at the individual
level (e.g., personal work-space layout) or
organizational level (e.g., organizational
reporting structure)

The four steps of a successful safety programme

Figure : Human and organisational

aspects of safety

Hasil

interaksi antara : person, job

dan organisational factors.