Chap : 2

Tensile Test

Introduction
Tensile properties are used in selecting
materials for various applications.
Tensile properties are also used in
research and development to compare
new materials or processes.
tensile stressstrain curves can be used
to predict a
materials behavior under forms of loading

Introduction
Tensile Test permit to
determine
Strength
Ductility
Toughness
Elastic Modulus
Strain-hardening capability

Introduction
The level of stress that causes
appreciable
plastic deformation of a material is
called its yield stress
The maximum tensile stress that a
material carries is called its tensile
strength (or ultimate strength or
ultimate tensile strength)
Ductility is a measure of how much
the material can deform before it

Tensile Specimens

Mechanical Testing Machine

StressStrain Curve

StressStrain Curve
Linear elastic: elongation in the
specimen that is proportional to
the applied load.
Engineering stress: the ratio of the
applied load P, to the original
cross-sectional area, Ao, of the
specimen.
Engineering stress equation: =
P/Ao
Engineering strain equation: e =

StressStrain Curve
Yield Stress: the stress at which permanent
(plastic) deformation occurs.
Permanent (plastic) deformation: stress
and strain are no longer proportional.
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS): the
maximum engineering stress.
If the specimen is loaded beyond its UTS it
begins to neck.
Fracture stress: the engineering stress at
fracture.

StressStrain Curve

StressStrain Curve
Modulus of elasticity: ration of stress
to strain in the elastic region.
Modulus of elasticity equation: E = /e

This linear relationship is known as

Hookes Law.
Poissons Ratio: the ratio of the
lateral strain to the longitudinal
strain.

True-Stress and True-Strain

True-stress: ratio of the load, P, to
the instantaneous cross-sectional
area, A, of the specimen.
True-strain: the sum of all the
instantaneous engineering strains.
True-stress equation: = P/A
True-strain equation: e = ln(l/lo)

Ductility
Ductility: extent of plastic
deformation that the material
undergoes before fracture.
Two measures of ductility:
Total elongation: (lf-lo)/lo x 100%
Reduction of Area: (Ao-Af)/Ao x
100%

Temperature Effects
As temperature
increases:
Ductility and
toughness
increase.
Yield stress
and the
modulus of
elasticity

Effect of Strain Rate on

Ultimate Tensile Strength
As the temperature
increases, the
slopes of the curves
increase; thus,
strength becomes
more and more
sensitive to strain
rate as
temperature
increases

Sample problem 1

Sample problem 2
Force and length change data are given in
table below for the tension test of AISI
7075 T651 Al . The diameter before testing
was 9.07 mm the gage length Li for the
length change measurement was 50 mm.
calculate corresponding values of
engineering stress and strain and display
these values on a stress- strain plot.
Determine the yield strength for a plastic
strain offset of 0.002 that is, 0.2 %.
Calculate the elastic modulus E
What tensile load is required to cause
yielding in a bar of the same material but
with a diameter of 20 mm

solution

Sample problem 3

Sample problem 4
Engineering stressstrain data from a tension test
on AISI 4140 steel tempered at 204C (400F)
are listed in Table below. The diameter before
testing was 9.61 mm, and after fracture the
minimum diameter in the necked region was 9
. mm
: Determine the following
Elastic modulus, 0.2% offset yield strength,
ultimate tensile strength, percent elongation,
and percent
.reduction in area

Sample problem 4

Sample problem 5
Stressstrain data are plotted in Fig. below for the initial
portion of a tension test on AISI 4140 steel tempered
at 538C (1000F). Note that data points A and B are
.labeled with their stressstrain coordinates
.Determine the elastic modulus E( a)
If a bar of this material 100mm long is ( b)
strained to point A and then unloaded, what is
its length at point A and also after unloading
If a sample of this material is strained to point B and( c)
then unloaded, what is the plastic (permanent) strain that
?remains after unloading

Sample Problem 5

Sample Problem 6
Force and length change data are given in Table
below for the initial portion of a tension test on
AISI 4140 steel tempered at 538C (1000F).
The diameter before testing was 9.11 mm, and
the gage length Li for the length change
measurement was 50 mm.
(a) Calculate corresponding values of
engineering stress and display these
values on a stressstrain plot.
(b) Calculate corresponding values of True
stress and strain.
Determine the yield strength for a plastic strain ( c)
offset of 0.002, that is, 0.2%, and percent
.elongation percent reduction in area

Sample Problem 6