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Research Methodology

Lecture No : 13
(Data Collection-Questionnaire)

Recap
The Data is collected from primary and
secondary sources
The primary data collect via
Observation, panels, interviews,
questionnaires etc
Interview are structure and unstructured
While interviewing there are certain
guidelines
There are structured and unstructed
interviews
2
There are some advantages /

Questionnaires
Data Collection is mechanism when the
researcher knows exactly what is
required and how to measure the
variables of interest.
Types of Questionnaire:

Personally administered questionnaire


Mail Questionnaire

Personally Administered
Questionnaires
Mostly local area based, org is willing to
have a group of employee respond to it.
It is Cheaper then interviews, helps
remove doubts, motivating respondents

Mail Questionnaires:
Wide geographical area can be reached,
respondents have flexibility of time , It is
more cost effective but the response rate
is low,
Can improve by giving some incentives
and doubts cannot be clarified.

Guidelines for Principles


Content and purpose of question
(Subjective/Objective)

Language and wording( Jargon/ Technical)


Type and Form (open ended, closed ended)
Positively and Negatively Worded
Biases ( loaded, leading, social desirable, double
barreled)

Sequencing of Questions

Content and purpose of Question:


If the variables tapped are subjective
feeling we need to measure the
dimension and elements .. Use interval
scales
If the variables are objectives/ facts a
single direct question may be asked.

Language and Wording of question:


The level of respondents have to be
considered. Slang and Technical jargon has
to be avoided
e.g. Work is a drag, she is a compulsive
worker. Tech Jargon like organizational
structure , 360 degree appraisal

Type and Form of Questions:


Open ended vs Closed Ended
Positively vs Negatively Worded

Open ended vs Closed Ended


In open ended the respondent chooses any
way they like. E.g. any five things which
interest him at his job.
In close ended the respondent have to
make a choice among the given
alternatives e.g. out of the list of 10 job
characteristics rank any 5

Positively vs Negatively Worded :


Have some positive and some negative
worded questions to break the monotony.
E.g. Coming to work is great fun or coming
to work is no great fun

Biases in Questions:
Double Barreled:
Questions has more than one question
within it.
E.g. Do you think that the course
content is adequate and it applicable at
your work?

Ambiguous Question:
Respondent does not know what it means.
E.g. To what extent would you say you are
happy?
Do you discuss you work with your boss
regularly? Do you go to movies frequently?
Frequently may mean once in a week, or
once in a month. Regularly may mean every

Recall Dependent:
Questions based on past experiences
and rely on memory.
E.g. After 30 years of work one would
not remember the first job details such
as name of the boss/ years worked in a
department

Leading Questions:
Are worded in such a way that it would lead
the respondent to answer in a way that the
researcher would like to or want to give.
E.g. Dont you think that in these days of
escalating costs of living employee should
be given good pay raise?
Better.. To what extent do you agree that
employee should be given higher pay raise.

Example:
Dont you think that more women should
be promoted to decision making line
positions in organization

Loaded Questions:
Are when they are phrased in an
emotionally charged manner.
E.g. To what extent do you think
management is likely to be vindictive/
(cruel) if the union decides to go on strike.
Better. To what extent you favor strike
To what extent you fear that there would be
a adverse reaction from the management.

Did P.T.I Lose the elections in Punjab


Better P.T.I was not chosen in Punjab

Social Desirability:
Is when questions are worded such that
they elicit(draw out) socially desirable
response
e.g. Do you think that older people should
be laid off?
..better
There are advantages and disadvantages to
retaining senior citizens in the workforce. To
what extent do you think companies should

Exercise
If you have been in the company for
fifteen years please indicate the year of
joining or the name of you colleague.
Bad question as it is recall dependent

My colleague is good and efficient .


Bad Question: Double Barreled

Working Women should not have children.


Bad: Loaded question an emotional issue
for women

Investment in children's future should be


an important goal of the administration.
Bad Question: Socially desirability

This job uses a lot of skills I have.


Okay no problem with the wordings

For this country to keep on remaining


competitive should we not spend more on
research.
Bad: Leading question

Other Guide lines


Length (20 words)
Sequencing (funneling , same
positive and negative question)
Classification Data or Personal Data

Recap

Questionnaires
Personally Administered Questionnaires
Mail questionnaires
Guide line for wordings

Content and purpose (Subjective vs Objective)


Language and wording ( slang/technical)
Types of formats (open / closed ended)
Positively worded and Negatively worded
Bias/ Favoritism(Leading, loaded, ambiguous,
double barrel, socially desirable)

Length of the question


Funneling

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