Motivation and Emotion

Chapter 11
Motivation
 Motivation
Dictionary:
“Any stimulus for action”

“Any force that actuate behavior,

thought, or action or reaction.”


 Motivation
 “Motivation is process that
influences the direction,
persistence, and vigor of
goal-directed behavior.”
•
 Motivation
• Model of how motivated activities work
– Need: Internal deficiency; causes drive
– Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g.,
hunger, thirst; activates a response)
– Response: Action or series of actions
designed to attain a goal
– Goal: Target of motivated behavior

 Evolution, instincts, and
genes
Evaluation theory of
Darwin
Instinct

• It is an inherited
(particular) automatic
response towards
particular stimulus.
• Human instinct theories
are faded.
 Evolution, instincts, and
genes
Genes
Human motives have

evolutionary underpinnings
expressed through the
actions of genes.
•
 Homeostasis and Drives
• Body cells work best if they have the
correct
– Temperature
– Water levels
– Glucose concentration
–
• Your body has mechanisms to keep
the cells in a constant environment.

 What is Homeostasis?

The maintenance of
a constant
environment in
the body is
called
Homeostasis
 Control
center

Sensor

Response
system
 Receives
information
from sensors
and activate
response

Detect changes

Restore
equilibrium
 Homeostasis and
Drives
Clark Hull
Drive theory of motivation:

Drives: state of internal

tension that motivate to

behave in ways that
reduce that tension.
 Approaches and Avoidance
Motivation
BAS (Behavioral Activation system):


• Is roused to action by signals of

potential reward and positive need
gratification
• Produces emotions of hope, elation
and happiness.
• High BAS, preferring change and
novelty

 Approaches and Avoidance
Motivation
BIS (Behavioral


Inhibition System)
• Which responds to
stimulus which
signals potential,
pain, punishment
and threat.
• Produces emotions of
fear and inhibition
of behavior
• High BIS, preference:
similarities
Cognitive Processes: Incentive
and Expectancies
• Drives _ internal factors that pushes
person into an action.
• Incentives _ external factors that
pushes person towards any action
or goal.
Cognitive Processes: Incentive
and Expectancies
• Different people respond differently
to same incentive.
• Expectancy x Value of incentive =
Motivation
• Cognitive process: mental processes
of thought such as visual
processing, memory, thinking,
learning, feeling, problem solving,
and language
 Psychodynamics Views
Sigmund Freud:


• Our unconscious motives

(sexual and aggressive
instinct) are disguised
and expressed through
socially acceptable
behavior.
 Psychodynamics Views
Modern psychodynamics theories:


• Conscious and unconscious motives

guide how to act and feel
•
 Psychodynamics Views
Cognitive views:


• People are not always aware of

factors that motivate them to
act.
 Humanistic Views
• Maslow’s Need hierarchy
 Humanistic Views
Maslow’s Need hierarchy


• Motivational model
• Key human motives are: our striving
for personal growth
•
 Humanistic Views
Maslow’s Need hierarchy


• Self actualization need:

• Need to fulfill our potential, perfect
ourselves mentally, emotionally,
physically, socially,
• Self-transcendence
 Humanistic Views
Self-determination theory:


• Edward Deci and Richard Ryan.

• Supporting our natural and intrinsic
tendencies to behave in effective
and healthy way.
•
 Humanistic Views
Self-determination theory:


• Focus on three fundamental

psychological needs:
– Competency_ master skills,
challenges, motivate self growth
– Autonomy_ attempt greater freedom,
personal control, self actualization
– Relatedness_ self desire to form bond
with others.

 Hunger and Weight
Regulations
Physiology of hunger


• Initially people thought the

relationship between stomach
contraction and hunger. But that
was not cause of hunger.
• Metabolism_ rate of energy
utilization.
• Physiology of hunger
• Hunger controlled by brain
• Hypothalamus
• Lateral hypothalamus: “hunger on”
• Ventromedial hypothalamus: “hunger
off”
 Psychological aspects of
Hunger
• Attitude, habits, and psychological
needs also regulate food intake.
• Good taste, expectation of eating
delicious food cause to increase
hunger.
• Cultural standards
•
 Environment and Cultural
factors
• Availability of foods
• Food taste, variety
• Dinning with others
• Culture ( what to eat, where to eat,
at what to eat.)
•
 Obesity
• Heavy fat in body
• Due to lack of willpower
• Heightened response to external food
clues
•
 Obesity
Genes and environment


• Some gain weight easily than others

• Heredity
• Reasons
– Eating low standard food
– Technology reduced our body moment
– Changing culture
 Obesity
Dieting and weight lose:


• Body responds to food deprivation

with decreased energy utilization
• “95% of people lose their weight
regain it within few years.”
 Eating Disorder
• Anorexia_ fear of being fat severely
restrict food intake to the point of
self-starvation.
• Consequences
– Menstruation stop
– Produce bone loss
– Stress heart
– Increase death risk
 Eating Disorder
• Bulimia nervosa_ afraid of being
fatty, but inclined towards
excessive food eating, but then get
rid of it by vomiting or using
laxatives
 Eating Disorder
Causes of anorexia:


• Thinness is equated with beauty

• Personality factors _ perfectionist,
high achievers
• Perception about parent’s
disapprovals
• Genetic factor
 Eating Disorder
Causes of bulimia:


• Tend to be depressed and anxious

• Lack of stable sense of personal
identity
• Genetic factors.
•
 Social Motivation
Why do we affiliate?


• Protection against enemies

• Socially oriented life style
• Sharing of knowledge
• Reduce stress
 Social Motivation
Why do we affiliate?


• Craig Hill (1987) suggests

– To obtain positive stimulus
– To receive emotional support
– To gain attention
– To permit social comparison
• Homeostasis
• Situational factors _ fear,
emergencies
 Achievement Motivation
Motive for success


and fear of failure

• Motive for success is
part BAS
• Fear of failure is part
of BIS
• There is no
correlation
between motive
for success and
fear of failure.
•
 Achievement Motivation
Motive for success and fear of


failure
• People with high need for
achievement tend to choose
intermediate level of difficulty and
challenging tasks
• And people with need for
achievement tend to select very
easy or very difficult tasks
•
 Achievement Motivation
Achievement Goal theory:


• Manner in which success is defined

by both individuals and situations
of success.
– Mastery/performance orientation
– Ego/task orientation
– Motivational climate
 Achievement Motivation
Achievement Goal Orientation:


• Examine goal that people seek to

obtain
1.I want to learn as much as possible
from this class
2.I am motivated by he thought of
outperforming others in this class
3.My goal is to avoid learning less than I
possibly could in this class
4.The main thing is to avoid doing more
poorly than others in this class
 Achievement Motivation
Achievement Goal Orientation:
• Mastery approach goal
• Ego approach goal
• Mastery avoidance goal
• Ego avoidance goal
2 X 2 Achievement Goal theory

Motivational climate
 Achievement Motivation
• Family, culture, and achievement
needs
• Strong motive of success or
avoidance failure
• Individualism vs. collectivism
 Emotions
 Emotions
• A moving of the mind or soul;
excitement of the feelings, whether
pleasing or painful; disturbance or
agitation of mind caused by a
specific exciting cause and
manifested by some sensible effect
on the body.
•
• Love, anger, joy, fear, energized
 Emotions
• Responses to certain sorts of events
of concern to a subject, triggering
bodily changes and typically
motivating characteristic behavior.
 Emotions
• Link between motivation
and emotions
• Emotions have adaptive
function
– Fear and alarm are part
of emergency arousal
– Love, excitement etc
help to form
relationships and
broaden our thinking
 Emotions
• Emotions are important for social
communication
• Associated with any attitude.
 Nature of Emotions
1.Triggered by stimulus
2.Stimulus is appraised
3.Physiological response to our
appraisals
4.Emotions include behavioral
tendencies
– Expressive behavior
– Instrumental behavior
 Nature of Emotions
Components of emotions


1.Eliciting stimulus
2.Cognitive component
3.Physiological component
4.Behavioral component
•
 1. Eliciting Stimulus
• Triggers cognitive appraisals
• Stimulus may be internal or external
• culture
 2. Cognitive Component
• (thoughts, images,
memories)
• Part of inner experience of
emotions
• Response depends on
how to appraise the
stimulus (pleasant or
distressful)
• Due to cognitive different
responses to same
3. Physiological Component
• Bodily changes
• Automatic nervous system
• Brain structures and
neurotransmitters
• Limbic and cerebral cortex
•
•
3. Physiological Component
• Cerebral cortex
• Connection with hypothalamus,
amygdala
• Regulation on emotion depends on
cortex
•
 C e re b ra lco rtex

T h a la m u s

A m yg d a la
 3. Physiological Component
• Hemispheric activation and emotions
– Left hemisphere
– Right hemisphere
• Automatic and Hormonal process



 4. Behavioral Component
Evolution and emotional


expression:
• Darwin: similarities between human
and animals in expressing emotions
• Modern scientist: Fundamental
Emotional Patter
• Similar expression across culture
 4. Behavioral Component
Facial expressions of emotions:


• Parts of body can communicate

feelings
• Facial expression are valuable for
expressing feelings
• Different expression in same
emotional state.
•
 4. Behavioral Component
Cultural Display Role:


• When and how particular emotions

should be expressed.
 4. Behavioral Component
Instrumental Behavior:


• How responses call to action

• Directed at achieving some
emotional related goals.
• Relationship between performance
and emotional arousal.
•
 Theories of Emotion
James-Lange somatic theory:


• Our bodily reaction determine our

emotions we experience
 Theories of Emotion
Cannon Bard theory:


• Message to cortex produce emotion

• Message to internal organs produce
physical arousal.
•
 Theories of Emotion
Roles of Autonomic feedback:


• Cannon proved without body

feedback emotions can arise.
 Theories of Emotion
Role of Expressive behavior:


• James-lange proved that facial

expressions are directly connected
to cortex and possible way to give
feedback to brain to be aware of
emotions.
Theories of Emotion
 Theories of Emotion
Cognitive affective theories:


• Emotional responses require

appraisals
•
 Theories of Emotion
Cognitive affective theories:
Two factor theory of emotions:

• Intensity of physiological arousal tells

us how strongly we are feelings but
situational cues gives us
information we need to label the
arousal and tell ourselves what we
are feeling
•
 Happiness
• SWB (subjective well-being)
• How happy are we?
• What makes people happy?
– Personal resources
– Unemployment
– Health
– Education level
– Social relations
– Sense of meaning in life
 Happiness
• Psychological process:
• How we compare ourselves with
others
– Downward comparison
– Upward comparison
• Personality
• Culture

 End of Chapter