CONJUNCTION

Presented by:

Rita Rahmawati
Program Studi Ners
Universitas Gresik 2015
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Definition
A conjunction is a word that joins single words
and groups of words.
We normally use conjunction to form simple
sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence
and compound-complex sentence.
Generally, there are 4 types of conjunctions:
Coordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction
Correlative Conjunction
Conjunctive Adverb

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Coordinating Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction
A coordinating conjunction (Coordinator) joins words
or groups of words that have equal grammatical
weight in a sentence.
There are only seven coordinators, which you can
remember by the phrase

FOR AND NOR B

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USAGE
And expresses addition.
Example: Chorn is easy-going,
But expresses contrast.
Example: Chorn is easy-going,
loses his temper.
For expresses reason.
Example: Chorn is easy-going,
about everything.
Or expresses choice.
Example: Chorn is easy-going,
that way.

and he is quite funny.

but he sometimes

for he enjoys just

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or at least he seems

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USAGE
So expresses result.
Example: Chorn is easy-going, so many people like
him.
Yet expresses contrast (More surprise than but).
Example: Chorn is easy-going, yet he gets nervous
about tests.
Nor is used to join two negative clauses. When nor
begins the second clause, the auxiliary verb or the
verb be is placed before the subject. A negative is
not used in the second clause.
Example: The box is not very big, nor is it very
heavy.

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PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES
Pattern 1 connecting two main clauses
When you connect two main clauses with
coordinating conjunction, use a comma.
Example: While I am at work, my dog sleeps on the
bed, and my cat naps in the bathtub.
Pattern 2 connecting two items
You can also use a coordinating conjunction (And,
but, or and yet) to connect any two items.
Example:
My dog has too many fleas and too
much hair.

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PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES
Pattern 3 connecting three or more items
in a series
When you have three or more items in a series
(phrases), you generally use a comma before the
coordinating conjunction (And, but, or and yet).
Example: Swatting olives off the kitchen counter,
dragging toilet paper streamers through the house,
and terrorizing Jacques Cousteau, the parakeet,
has consumed another of Buster's days.

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Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions which
must have used together to form a simple sentence. The
first conjunction emphasizes the meaning of the second.
However, the correlative conjunction is a little clearer than
coordinating conjunction does.
Example:
Coordinating Conjunction Correlative Conjunction
She and I were there.
Both she and I were there.

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USAGE
We use correlative conjunction to join words and
groups of words which have equal grammatical units in
sentence.
Example:
Mr. Virak both acts and directs himself.
(Both Acts and directs are the verb in the same equal)
Both and : emphasize the equal of two unit
Example:
This garden is grown by both your parents and
your younger sister.
Either or: emphasize the need to choose only one
thing.
Example:
Either Davy or Davin goes with me.

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USAGE
Neither nor : emphasize the both units are
negative
Example:
Sam neither knows nor cares what happened.
Not only but also : are used together to
include two units and used to emphasize the equal
importance of the second unit.
Example: Dany plays not only the guitar but also the
violin.

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USAGE

Whether or not: emphasize that the first

unit is more important that the second unit.
Example: She will come whether her husband is free
or not.
Whether or : is a correlative conjunction that
use together.
Example: I dont care whether you go or stay.

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USAGE
As as : Positive comparison
Example: Your motorcycle is as new as mine.
So as : Consequence
Example: The symptoms of this disease were so
unusual as to baffle even the specialist.
Such as : Consequence
Example: Such a person as you is worthless.
Such that : Result
Example: This is such a complicated problem that I
cannot understand.

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Punctuation Guidelines:
We normally do not use commas between the pair
conjunction when we connect two items such as
pronouns, prepositional phrases, nouns, verb and
so on.
Example: Michael grilled meat not only for Tiffany but
also for Rocket.
However, when we connect two main clauses
(sentences) with corrective conjunction, comma is
needed.
Example: Not only did Michael grill a steak for Tiffany,
but he also prepared a hot dog for Rocket.

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Subordinating Conjunction

Subordinating Conjunction
Subordinating Conjunction (subordinator) is
used to connect two complete ideas by making
one idea become incomplete meaning as the
subordinate clause follow the main clause to form
a complex sentence.
The Subordinating Conjunctions are divided into
several relationships :
o Time relationships
o Causal/reason relationships
o Purpose relationship
o Conditional relationships
o Contrast relationships
o Location relationships

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Time relationships
Time relationships are used to indicate the
time that an event in the main clause takes place.
After: for later action
Ex: I feel asleep after I had lunch.
Before: for earlier action
Ex: Before I went to work, I gave my wife a kiss.
Since: to show the starting point of an action
Ex: He stopped working here since I have blame his
children.
Until: used to limited action of action.
Ex: she is going to stay home until her mother
arrives.

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Time relationships
When: specific time of an action.
Ex: When she meets me, she always gives me a smile.
Whenever: for unspecific time
Ex: Whenever I go, I try to see something Ive never
seen before
While: to show something happen over a period of
time.
Ex: I played football a lot while I was studying at high
school.

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Causal/reason relationships
Causal/reason relationships define the reason behind
a statement or action given in the main clause.
As: show a reason for action
Ex: As she has a lot of relative in Cambodia, it is easy
to go for a walk.
Because: for a reason of action
Ex: I want to marry her because she is beautiful.
Since: a reason of action
Ex: Since he was to take his children to the zoo, he
cannot come here.
Now that: reason for recent action
Ex: Now that Ive got a car, I dont do as much exercise
as I used to.

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Purpose relationships
Purpose relationships: To indicate the purpose
action that happens related to the main clause.
In order that:
Ex: You play games in order that your health may
improve.
So
Ex: Lisa has no much money so she cannot buy a
great car.
So that: to make an possible action
Ex: She gets up early so that she can go to school in
time.

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Conditional relationships
If: action dependent on the other action
Ex: If you cry for help, I will kill you.
Even if
Ex: I want to learn Korean even if I have no ability.
Unless: required action to avoid negative action
Ex: Dara cannot pass the exam unless he works
hard.
Whether (or not): action on any condition
Ex: He still loves her whether or not she is rich.

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Contrast and concession relationships

Contrast and concession relationships: Concessive
clauses are used to concede a given point in an
argument.
Although: Use an illogical fact
Ex: Dalin is still beautiful although she is already 30 years
old.
Even though: Use an illogical fact
Ex: He didnt tell us even though he wanted to go with us.
Though: Use an illogical fact
Ex: Though she was afraid, she did not cry.
While: To show two differences action at the same
time.
Ex: I read the book while you were drying your hair.

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Location relationships
Location relationships: Place clauses define
the location of the object of the main clause. Place
conjunctions include where and in which. They are
generally placed following a main clause in order to
define the location of the object of the main
clause.
where: show the place of action
Ex: where you live, I will go to find you.
Whereas: choice of the place
Ex: whereas we got happy, you dont forget it.
Wherever: To show unreal place
Ex: wherever you go, I will follow you.

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PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES
Pattern 1: If the dependent clause is placed at
the beginning of a sentence, the dependent
clause must be separated from the independent
clause by a comma.
Example: After Jean goes to class, she goes to the
library.
Pattern 2: If the dependent clause is placed at
the end of the sentence after the independent
clause, no comma is necessary.
Example: Jean goes to the library after she goes to
class.

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 Pattern 3: If the dependent clause is inserted into

the middle of the sentence, the clause acts as a
parenthetical element and should have commas
on both sides.
Example: On Monday, after she goes to class, Jean
goes to the library.

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CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
Conjunctive adverbs join complete sentences
(independent
clauses) and express a logical relationship between the ideas
in the sentences. Conjunction adverb cannot join single
words, phrases, and incomplete sentences (dependent
clauses).
Types of Conjunctive Adverb:
Contrast
Addition
Cause / Result
Condition
Time Sequence

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Conjunctive Adverb of Contrast

However: However indicates contrast.
Example: Men smoke less than in the past; however, the
number of women who smoke is increasing.
However, nevertheless, still: These can show that the
second sentence is going to give an unexpected result or
be in contrast to the previous sentence.
Example: Studies show that cigarette smoking is dangerous
to ones health; however (or nevertheless, still) millions of
people continue to smoke.

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Conjunctive Adverb of Addition

Moreover, furthermore, in addition: The second sentence is going
to give additional information. They add to the idea in the first
sentence.
Example: Barbaras professor encouraged her to go to
graduate school; moreover (or furthermore, in addition), he
nominated Barbara for a graduate
scholarship.
Besides: Besides often adds another reason for an action.
Example: Barbara majored in biology because she was
fascinated by the subject; besides, she knew it would help
her get a high-paying job in the future.
In fact: In fact adds emphasis to
the idea in the first sentence.
Example: Barbara passed all her examinations; in fact, she
graduated with honors.

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Conjunctive Adverb of Cause/Result

Therefore, consequently, as a result: These
adverbs state the result of the idea in the first
clause.
Example: I cant speak French very well; therefore
(or consequently, as a result), I didnt enjoy my trip
to France.
Thus: Thus often states a logical conclusion.
Example: Air fares are going down; thus, more and
more people are able to afford air travel.

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Conjunctive Adverb of Condition

Otherwise:
If the first sentence is affirmative, otherwise is
similar in meaning to if one does not.
Example: We must find solutions to the problems of
pollution; otherwise, we may all be wearing gas
masks one day.
If the first sentence is negative, otherwise is
similar in meaning to if one does.
Example: Dont be absent from class; otherwise, you
will miss the review.

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Conjunctive Adverb of Time Sequence

Then, afterward, later: Then, afterward and
later state the next action to the first sentence.
Example: The protesters gathered a few miles from
the downtown. Then they marched toward City
Hall.
The police asked the marchers to stop before they
reached City Hall. Afterward the police began to
arrest some of the demonstrators.
At first, I was going to join the demonstration; later, I
changed my mind.

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Punctuation Guidelines
Between two sentences: A semicolon is used at
the end of the first sentence, and a comma follows
the conjunctive adverb.
Example: Im studying English in Denver; however,
my best friend is in Houston.
Beginning of the second sentence: A period
ends the first sentence, a capital letter begins the
second sentence, and a comma follows the
conjunctive adverb.
Example: Im studying English in Denver. However,
my best friend is in Houston.

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 Within the second sentence: The conjunctive

adverb usually precedes the main verb or the
auxiliary verb, preceded and followed by commas.
Example: Im studying English in Denver. My best
friend, however, is in Houston.
End of the second sentence: The conjunctive
adverb (However, instead and moreover) is
preceded by a comma.
Example: Im studying English in Denver. My best
friend is in Houston, however.

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Tip 1: Identify Types of Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction: It has only 7
conjunction.
FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet and So
Correlative Conjunction: It must contain pair of
conjunction along with each other.
Both And.
Not only. But .
Conjunctive Adverb: It must only link two
independent clauses. Generally, we use a comma
before conjunctive adverb.
I love reading books. Therefore, I get a lot of
general knowledge.

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Tip 1: Identify Types of Conjunction

How About Subordinating Conjunction?

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Tip 2: Conjunction Vs Preposition

Since many words (before, after, until, for,
than, since and so on) can function both
conjunction and preposition, they may get you
confusing.
Conjunction: We use conjunction to connect
clauses. Normally, clause contains Subject and
Verb.
Example: She will not load the software until she
finishes the report.
Preposition: preposition must follow by noun.
Example: She will not load the software until Friday.

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