UNIT-1

PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE

SYSTEMS
Sewer System:
A Sewer system is a network of pipes used to convey
storm runoff and / or wastewater in an area.
Sewage:
Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or
suspension, that is intended to be removed from a
community. Also known as wastewater, it is more than
99% water and is characterized by volume or rate of
flow, physical condition, chemical constituents and the
bacteriological organisms that it contains.

Sources of Wastewater
Generation.
Domestic (household wastes): toilet, shower, cooking,
washing and laundry
Commercial/service: schools, hospitals, restaurants, offices,
hotels, small businesses
Industrial: processing wastewater, cooling water.
Non-point sources:
a. Infiltration from groundwater into sewers
b. Inflow from storm water surcharge into sewer manholes
c. Combined storm/sewer overflows, older sewer systems
where storm sewers discharge into sanitary sewers
(Chicago, San Francisco, etc.)
d. Runoff from streets: sand and petroleum and tire residues
(infiltration, not a direct discharge).

Current status of India

The wastewater generation increased from
7,000 mld in 1978-79 to 17,000 mld in
199495 in Class I cities.
39% of wastewater was treated in the year
1978-79.
But, in the year 2003, only 26% of
wastewater generated in cities was treated
27 cities have only primary treatment
facilities

Current status of India

The mode of disposal is:
indirectly into the rivers/ lakes/ ponds/ creeks in
118 cities;
on to the agriculture land in 63cities
directly into rivers in 41 cities.
in 44 cities, it is discharged both into rivers and on
agriculture land.
In many of the coastal cities, the wastewater finds
its
way into estuaries, creeks, bays etc. (Around 25%
of
total wastewater)

Statistics of India
Population

Per Capita Water

demand
(l/d/person)

Per Capita Sewage

production (80% of
demand)
(l/d/person)

Less than 20,000 110 90

Less than 20,000 110 90

Less than 20,000 110 90

20,000 50,000 110 150

90 120

20,000 50,000 110 150

90 120

20,000 50,000 110 150

90 120

50,000 2 lakhs 150 180

120 150

50,000 2 lakhs 150 180

120 150

50,000 2 lakhs 150 180

120 150

2 lakhs 5 lakhs 180 210

150 170

2 lakhs 5 lakhs 180 210

150 170

2 lakhs 5 lakhs 180 210

150 170

5 lakhs 10 lakhs 210 240

170 190

5 lakhs 10 lakhs 210 240

170 190

5 lakhs 10 lakhs 210 240

170 190

Over 10 lakhs 240 270 190

200

Over 10 lakhs 240 270 190

200

Over 10 lakhs 240 270 190

200

Paradigm Shift
In the past, wastewater was a problem
Now, it is considered as a resource
Example:

Newater scheme in Singapore

Treated domestic wastewater for Industrial use
Zero Discharge norm for major industries
Recycled water for domestic use
Treated wastewater for groundwater recharge &
irrigation

Estimation of Sanitary sewage

flow
The sewage discharge which has to pass through
a sewer must be estimated as correctly as
possible other wise inadequate overflow
wasteful investment.
Qty of Sewage = Domestic + Industrial
Net qty of sewage produced = Estimated
wastewater generation rate + Unaccounted
private water supplies + Infiltration water
losses water not entering the sewage.

Estimation of Storm
runoff
Runoff depends on various factors
like,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Type of Precipitation
Intensity
Duration of rainfall
Rainfall distribution
Soil moisture deficiency
Direction of the prevailing storm
Climate conditions
Shape, Size & type of Catchment basin

 No proper formulas found to define the runoff rate till

now and all factors are interdependent.
So, a rational method was adopted commonly for
calculating (approx) the runoff of that area. But now
urban storm drainage were analyzed through Digital
computer Simulations.

Rational formula (Used for area more

than 500 hectares)
Qp = Peak rate of runoff in cumecs,
K = Coefficient of runoff, (Pg No: 19)
A = Catchment area, in hectares, Pc =
Critical rainfall intensity, in cm/hr.

 Critical rainfall intensity = Rainfall intensity

during the critical rainfall duration which is
equal to the time of concentration.
Time of concentration = Ti + Tf

Intensity duration curve,

PC = P = Rain intensity in cm/hr

T = Time in minutes, a & b = Constants

 For T varying between 5 to 20 minutes,

a = 75 & b = 10,
For T varying between 5 to 20
minutes,a = 100 & b = 20,
For localities where rainfall is frequent,
For localities with rainfall frequency of
10 years,

For localities with rainfall frequency of

1 years,
Kuichlings formula

Waste water
Characteristics.
Characteristics are categorized as:
- Physical
- Chemical
- Biological

Concentrations characterize
wastewater as: weak, medium, and
strong.

 Factors affecting Characteristics

and Composition of sewage and
its significance.