PHYS 31 MODULE 4

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

TEMPERATURE
Quantitative

measure of hotness or coldness

of a body
Requires

a device thermometer

How does a thermometer work?

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If

a system C is initially
in thermal equilibrium
with both systems A and
B, then A and B are also
in thermal equilibrium
with each other.

TEMPERATURE SCALES
Celsius
(C)

Fahrenheit
(F)

Kelvin
(K)

Rankine
(R)

Boiling point
of water

100 C

212 F

373.15 K

671.64 R

increments

100

180

100

180

Freezing
Point of
Water

0C

32 F

273.15 K

491.67R

Absolute
Zero

-273.15 0C

-459.67 F

0K

0R

CONVERSION

Note:

- Temperature
reading

- Change in
temperature

THERMAL EXPANSION
Change

in physical dimensions
when subjected to change in
temperature

Most

materials expand when

heated

Bimetallic Strips

THiNK
!

If a metal sheet
with a hole in the
middle is subjected
to heat, what will
happen to the hole?

THiNK
!

THERMAL EXPANSION
Linear

Area
Volume

THiNKaGaiN!
You

have two stacked plastic

cups that are now seemingly
impossible to separate.
Someone proposed to use
hot water and cold water to
separate the two. How should
it be done?

THiNKaGaiN!
You

have two stacked plastic

cups that are now seemingly
impossible to separate.
Someone proposed to use
hot water and cold water to
separate the two. How
should it be done?

Sample Problem
A

metal rod (metal A) that is 30.0 cm long expands

by 0.0750 cm when its temperature is raised from
0C to 100C.

rod of a different material (metal B) and of the

same length expands by 0.040 cm for the same
rise in temperature.

third rod (metal C) also, 30.00 cm long is made

up of pieces of each of the above metals placed
end-to-end and expands 0.0550 cm between 0C
and 100C.

Find

the length of each portion of the composite

THERMAL EXPANSION OF WATER

:

water increases in volume with decreasing

temperature.

water increases in volume with increasing

temperature.

THERMAL STRESS
Develop

when one
tries to prevent
contraction/expansion
of a material
subjected to
temperature change

TENSILE STRESS
Happens

when a rod is held at constant

length while the temperature is
reduced.

Sample Problem
A

wire is 1.50 m long at 20 C is

found to increase its length by
1.9 cm when warmed to 420
C.

Compute

the average
coefficient of linear expansion
for its temperature change.

Sample Problem
Compute

the average coefficient of

linear expansion for its temperature
change.

Sample Problem
A

wire is 1.50 m long at 20 C is

found to increase its length by
1.9 cm when warmed to 420
C.

Find

the stress in the wire if it is

cooled to 20 C without being
allowed to contract.
()

Sample Problem
Find

the stress in the wire if it is cooled to 20 C

without being allowed to contract.

()

HEAT
Energy
SI

in transit

Unit

joule

(J)

Conversion

factors

cal = 4.186 J

Btu = 252 cal = 1055 J

is the science of
measuring changes in
parameters

CALORIMETRY

of chemical reactions,
physical changes, and
phase transitions
for the purpose of
deriving the heat
associated with those
changes.

Energy that can be transferred from one body to

another due to temperature difference
c specific heat
Quantity
Energy

unique for every material

needed to raise the temperature of a

unit mass of substance by 1.

ENERGY TRANSFER

+Q +T
heat is gained/absorbed by the
object/system

-Q -T
heat is given/lost by the object/system

Specific heat =
thermal inertia

SPECIFIC
HEAT
CAPACITY

Same material, constant mass

More heat greater temperature change

Same material, same T

For the same T, more heat is needed

for heavier objects than lighter ones

Same mass, same T

For the same T, more heat is needed

for objects with greater c than with
lesser c

Same Q, same mass

The object with bigger c has less change in

temperature compared to an object with smaller

Phase Changes
Transition

between states

of matter
Requires

transfer of

energy

(+)

heat entering the

system,

(-)

heat leaving the system

Latent Heat of Fusion, Lf

Required

heat for
transition
between solid and
liquid states

Latent Heat of Vaporization, Lv

Required

heat for
transition
between liquid
and gas states

Mechanisms of
Heat Transfer

Conduction
Occurs

within a
body or between
two bodies in
contact

Convection
Transfer

of
heat by mass
motion of a
fluid from one
region to
another.

Radiation
Heat

transfer via
electromagnetic waves

Can

still occur even if there

were nothing between two
bodies but vacuum.