Information Systems Development and Acquisition: WWW - Pearsoned.ca/jessup

Chapter 8
Information
Systems
Development
and
Acquisition
www.pearsoned.ca/jessup
Robert Riordan, Carleton University
8-1
Developing Systems
Systems
SystemsAnalysis
Analysis and
andDesign
Design
AAtraditional
traditionalterm
term used
usedto
to describe
describethe
the process
process of
of
designing,
designing, building,
building,and
andmaintaining
maintaininginformation
information
systems
systemsperformed
performedby
by analysts
analystsand
and programmers
programmers
Software
SoftwareEngineering
Engineering
AAnewer
newerterm
term given
given to
toacknowledge
acknowledgethe
themovement
movement of
of
systems
systemsbuilding
building from
from art
artto
todiscipline
disciplineby
by professionals
professionals
using
usingcommon
common methods,
methods, techniques,
techniques,and
andtools
tools for
for
constructing
constructing information
information systems
systems
Problem
Problem Decomposition
Decomposition
Systems
Systems building
buildingisisaa process
process of
ofdecomposing
decomposing large
large
complex
complexproblems
problems to
todiscover
discover and
anddesign
designsolutions
solutions to
to
support
supportthe
theorganization
organization
Information Systems Today, 2/C/e
8-2
2008 Pearson Education Canada
Problem Decomposition
8-3
Options for Acquiring System Capabilities
8-4
The Systems Development Life Cycle

The
TheSystem
System Development
Development Life
LifeCycle
Cycle(SDLC)
(SDLC) isis aastructured
structured
method
methodcomplete
completewith
with techniques
techniquesdeveloped
developedto
tomanage
manage
the
thelife
life cycle
cycle of
of an
aninformation
informationsystem
system
8-5
System Identification, Selection, and Planning
8-6

System
System Identification
Identification
AAprocess
processused
used to
to identify
identifyopportunities
opportunities for
for developing
developing
systems
systems projects
projectsto
tosolve
solveproblems.
problems.This
Thisprocess
process varies
varies
greatly
greatly from
from organization
organizationto
to organization
organization
Selection
Selection
The
Theprocess
processof
of applying
applyingevaluation
evaluation criteria
criteria to
to possible
possible
projects
projectsto
toselect
select those
those that
that are
are critical
critical to
toenabling
enablingthe
the
organizations
organizationsmission,
mission, goals,
goals, and
andobjectives
objectives
Systems
Systems Planning
Planning
Developing
Developingformal
formal plans
plans for
for creating
creating the
the information
information
systems
systemsproject
project selected.
selected. Some
Some organizations
organizations call
call
their
their periodic
periodic process
process of
ofidentification,
identification, selection,
selection, and
and
planning
planning Information
Information Systems
SystemsPlanning
Planning (ISP)
(ISP)
8-7

Criteria
Criteria for
for evaluating
evaluating and
and selecting
selecting aa systems
systems project
project
8-8
Systems Analysis
8-9
Systems Analysis
Collecting
CollectingSystem
SystemRequirements
Requirements(Traditional)
(Traditional)
AAcombination
combinationof
of methods
methodsare
areused:
used:
Interviews
Interviewsdiscussions
discussionswith
withstakeholders
stakeholders(i.e.
(i.e.users)
users)
Questionnaires
Questionnairessurveys
surveysto
toassess
assessuse
useand
andattitudes
attitudes
Observations
Observationswatch
watchprocess
processand
andsystems
systemsuse
use
Document
DocumentAnalysis
Analysisreviewing
reviewingcurrent
currentdocuments
documents
Collecting
Collecting System
System Requirements
Requirements(Alternative)
(Alternative)
AAcombination
combinationof
oftraditional
traditionalmethods
methods are
areused:
used:
Critical
CriticalSuccess
SuccessFactors
Factors(CSFs)
(CSFs)aaprocess
processof
of
interviewing,
interviewing,recoding,
recoding,analyzing
analyzingand
andmerging
mergingfactors
factors
defined
definedas
ascritical
criticalby
bypersonnel
personnelat
atall
alllevels
levelsof
ofan
an
organization
organization
Joint
JointApplication
ApplicationDesign
Design(JAD)
(JAD)--aamethod
methodthat
thatbrings
brings
together
togetherusers
usersand
andanalysts
analystsin
inaaroom
roomto
todefine
define
requirements.
requirements.This
Thismethod
methodgreatly
greatlyreduces
reducesdesign
designtime
time
8-10
Systems Analysis - Critical Success Factors
8-11
Systems Analysis - Joint Application Design
JAD
JADisisaaspecial
specialtype
typeof
ofaagroup
groupmeeting
meetingin
inwhich
whichall
all(most)
(most)
users
usersmeet
meetwith
withan
ananalyst
analystat
atthe
thesame
sametime
time
Users
Usersjointly
jointlydefine
defineand
andagree
agreeupon
uponsystem
systemrequirements
requirementsor
or
design
designdramatically
dramaticallyreducing
reducingthe
thedesign
designtime
time
8-12
System Analysis Modeling Organizational Data

The
TheEntity
EntityRelationship
RelationshipDiagram
Diagram(ERD)
(ERD)
AAtool
tool used
usedto
toidentify
identify the
therelationships
relationshipsbetween
betweenentities
entitiesto
to
assist
assist in
indeveloping
developingapplications
applicationsand
anddatabases
databases
8-13
Requirements, Data, Data Flows, Processing Logic
8-14
System Design
8-15
System Design - Designing Forms and Reports

Forms
Forms-- aabusiness
businessdocument
documentwith
withpredefined
predefined data
dataand
and
places
places to
to fill
fill in
in information
information that
that isis used
used for
for system
system input
input
Reports
Reports aa system
system output
output that
that contains
contains only
only predefined
predefined
data
data usually
usuallyin
inaa tabular
tabular format
format(see
(seebelow)
below)
8-16
System Design - Designing Interfaces and Dialogues

User
User Interface
InterfaceExample
Example Govt
Govt of
ofAlberta
Alberta
8-17
System Design - Designing Databases and Files
8-18
System Design Designing Processing Logic

Processing
ProcessingLogic
Logic
The
Theprocessing
processing and
andlogic
logic operations
operations of
of an
an information
information
system
system are
arethe
thesteps
stepsand
and procedures
procedures that
that transform
transform raw
raw
data
datainputs
inputs into
intonew
new or
or modified
modifiedinformation
information
Processing
ProcessingLogic
LogicExample
Example
Describes
Describesthe
thesteps
steps for
for calculating
calculating aa GPA
GPA
1.
1. Obtain
Obtainthe
theprior
priorgrade
gradepoint
pointaverage,
average,credits
creditshours
hours
earned,
earned,and
andlist
listof
ofprior
priorcourses
courses
2.
2. Obtain
Obtainthe
thelist
listof
ofeach
eachcurrent
currentcourse,
course,final
finalgrade,
grade,and
and
course
coursecredit
credithours
hours
3.
3. Combine
Combinethe
theprior
priorand
andcurrent
currentcredit
credithours
hoursinto
into
aggregate
aggregatesums
sums
4.
4. Calculate
Calculatethe
thenew
newgrade
gradepoint
pointaverage
average
8-19
System Implementation
8-20
System Implementation Programming and Testing

Software
SoftwareProgramming
Programming creating
creatingthe
theinstructions
instructions from
from the
the
programming
programminglogic
logicdesign
designusing
usingaavariety
varietyof
of programming
programming
languages
languagesoften
oftenassisted
assistedby
bylanguage
languageeditors
editors
Software
SoftwareTesting
Testing aaseries
seriesof
of tests
testsdesigned
designed to
toidentify
identify
errors
errors and
andvalidate
validatelogic
logicin
inparallel
parallelwith
withprogramming.
programming. There
There
are
aremultiple
multipletypes
types of
oftesting
testing(see
(see below)
below)
8-21
System Implementation System Conversion

Conversion
ConversionApproaches
Approaches the
the process
processof
oftaking
takinginformation
information
from
from an
anold
oldsystem
system to
topopulate
populateaanew
new system.
system. This
Thisisis
accomplished
accomplishedthrough
through manual
manualand/or
and/or automated
automatedmethods
methods
8-22
System Implementation System Documentation

System
System Documentation
Documentation
The
Thecollection
collectionof
of materials
materials produced
produced with
with an
an information
information
system
system to
tosupport
supportthe
theongoing
ongoing operation
operation and
and
development
development
Documentation
DocumentationTypes
Types
User
Userand
andreference
referenceguides
guidesstep-by-step
step-by-stepinstructions
instructionsfor
for
using
usingthe
thesystem
systemfeatures
featuresand
andfunctions
functions
User
Usertraining
trainingand
andtutorials
tutorialsmanuals
manualsand
andexercises
exercises
designed
designedto
toeducate
educateusers
usersand
andbuild
buildcompetence
competencein
insystem
system
use.
use. These
Thesetraining
trainingmanuals
manualsand
andtutorials
tutorialscan
canbe
besupported
supported
by
byaadatabase
databasethat
thatutilizes
utilizesrealistic
realisticdata
data
Installation
Installationprocedures
proceduresand
andtrouble-shooting
trouble-shooting
suggestions
suggestionsmanuals
manualsand
andprocedures
proceduresdesigned
designedto
to
support
supporttechnical
technicalpersonnel
personnelin
ininstalling
installingand
andproblem
problemsolving
solving
during
duringsystem
systemoperation
operation
8-23
System Implementation System Training

Training
TrainingApproaches
Approaches the
theprocesses
processes used
usedto
to educate
educate
users
users in
in new
new business
business processes
processes and
andsystem
systemfeatures
features
and
andfunctions
functions with
withthe
thegoal
goalof
of building
buildingcompetence
competence to
to
ensure
ensureoperational
operationalsuccess
success (see
(seepossible
possiblemethods
methodsbelow)
below)
8-24
System Maintenance
8-25
System Maintenance - Maintenance Types

System
System Maintenance
Maintenance
The
Theprocess
processby
bywhich
whichaasystem
system isiskept
keptin
inworking
workingorder
order
and
andminor
minor enhancements
enhancements are
are completed.
completed. Some
Some types
types of
of
system
system maintenance
maintenanceare
are shown
shown below:
below:
8-26
Alternative Development Methods - Prototyping

Prototyping
Prototyping
AAsystems
systemsdevelopment
development method
method
that
thatuses
uses aatrial-and-error
trial-and-error
approach
approachfor
for discovering
discoveringhow
howaa
system
system should
shouldoperate.
operate.Steps
Steps
include:
include:
Collecting
Collecting requirements
requirements
Develop/refine
Develop/refineprototype
prototype
Review
Review prototype
prototype with
withusers
users
(Repeat
(Repeatthe
theprevious
previous steps
steps until
until
correct
correct design
designisis created)
created)
Implement
Implementand
anduse
usesystem
system
8-27
Alternative Development Methods RAD

Rapid
RapidApplication
ApplicationDevelopment
Development (RAD)
(RAD)
AArapid
rapidfour-step
four-stepiterative
iterativesystems
systemsdevelopment
developmentmethod
method
utilizing:
utilizing: prototyping,
prototyping, computer-based
computer-based development
development tools,
tools,
special
specialmanagement
management practices,
practices,and
andclose
closeuser
userinvolvement
involvement
RAD
RAD Phases
Phases
The
Thefollowing
followingphases
phases are
are
iterated
iterateduntil
untilthe
the
requirements
requirements and
anddesign
design
are
are completed
completedand
and
approved
approved
Requirements
Requirementsplanning
planning
User
User design
design
Construction
Construction
Move
Moveto
tothe
the new
new system
system
8-28
Alternative Development Methods Object-Oriented

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
Similar to SDLA approaches except that it relies on the
tight coupling between data and methods and between
the conceptual design of a system and its actual
implementation.
OOAD Characteristics
The roles of analyst and programmer are combined
while thinking about data and the operations to
define the relevant objects
The design and implementation of these objects
happen quickly and simultaneously
It uses a more integrative prototyping process than
does the SDLC
8-29
Alternative Development Methods A Comparison
8-30
Needs for Alternatives to Internal Systems Building

Often it is not feasible to consider building an information
system internally. Below are four situations that discourage the
idea of internal development:
Limited IS
Staff
The IS organization does not have the

capability to build the system itself
Limited IS
Skill Sets
The IS organization does not have personnel

with the correct skill sets to build the system
IS Staff is
Overworked
Current IS organization staff demands and

priorities make it impossible to build a system
Problem IS
Performance
The IS organization does not have the

appropriate performance level to build a system
8-31
Alternatives to Internal Development

External
ExternalAcquisition
Acquisition
The
Thepurchasing
purchasingof
ofan
an existing
existingsystem
system (hardware,
(hardware,
software,
software, databases,
databases, network)
network) from
from an
an outside
outside
vendor
vendor such
suchas
asIBM,
IBM, EDS,
EDS,or
orAccenture
Accenture
Outsourcing
Outsourcing
Turning
Turningover
over some
someor
or all
all responsibility
responsibilityfor
for an
an
organizations
organizationsinformation
information systems
systems development
development and
and
operations
operations to
toan
anoutside
outsidefirm
firm
End-user
End-user Development
Development
Capitalizing
Capitalizingon
onthe
thesophistication
sophisticationof
ofcurrent
current users,
users, this
this
technique
techniqueallows
allowsthe
the system
systemusers
users to
to develop
develop their
their
system
systemfunctions
functions using
using aa variety
varietyof
of tools
tools
8-32
External Acquisition Steps to Proceed

Steps
Stepsin
inExternal
ExternalAcquisition
Acquisition
System
Systemidentification,
identification,selection,
selection,and
andplanning
planning (same
(sameas
as
internal
internalmethod)
method)
Systems
Systemsanalysis
analysis(same
(sameas
asinternal
internalmethod)
method)
Development
Developmentof
ofaaRequest
Requestfor
forProposal
Proposal(RFP)
(RFP)aareport
report
that
thatisisused
usedto
totell
tellvendors
vendorswhat
whatthe
therequirements
requirementsare
areand
and
how
howthey
theymight
mightbe
beable
ableto
tomeet
meetthose
thoserequirements
requirements
(hardware,
(hardware, software,
software,training,
training,etc.)
etc.)
Proposal
Proposalevaluation
evaluationmay
mayinclude
includeviewing
viewingsystem
system
demonstrations,
demonstrations,evaluating
evaluatingthe
theperformance
performanceof
ofthose
those
systems,
systems,and
andexamining
examiningcriteria
criteriaimportant
importantto
tothe
the
organization
organizationand
andjudging
judginghow
howthe
theproposed
proposedsystems
systems
respond
respondto
tothose
thosecriteria
criteria
Vendor
Vendorselection
selectionusing
usingaascoring
scoringsystem
systemdevised
devisedto
to
evaluate
evaluatethe
thecompeting
competingproposal
proposaland
andthen
thenselecting
selectingthe
the
proposal
proposalthat
thatbest
bestfits
fitsthe
theorganizations
organizationsneeds
needs
8-33
External Acquisition The RFP (Request for Proposal)
8-34
External Acquisition - Proposal Evaluation Criteria
8-35
Outsourcing Why Consider?

AAfirm
firm might
mightoutsource
outsource some
some (or
(or all)
all) of
of its
itsinformation
informationsystem
system
service
servicefor
for many
manyreasons:
reasons:
Cost
Costand
andquality
qualityconcerns
concernscurrent
currentcost
costand
andquality
qualityof
of
information
informationsystems
systemsisisunacceptable
unacceptable
Problems
Problemsin
inIS
ISperformance
performanceIS
ISisishaving
havingtrouble
troublemeeting
meeting
acceptable
acceptableservice
servicestandards
standards
Supplier
Supplierpressures
pressuresaggressive
aggressivesales
salestactics
tactics
Simplifying,
Simplifying,downsizing,
downsizing,and
andreengineering
reengineeringhaving
havingaa
need
needto
tofocus
focuson
oncore
coreprocesses
processes
Financial
Financialfactors
factorsturning
turningover
overIS
ISsystems
systemscan
canstrengthen
strengthenaa
balance
balancesheet
sheet
Organizational
Organizationalculture
culturepolitical
politicalor
ororganizational
organizationalproblems
problems
that
thatare
aredifficult
difficultfor
forIS
ISto
toovercome
overcome
Internal
Internalirritants
irritantstension
tensionbetween
betweenthe
theIS
ISstaff
staffand
andusers
users
8-36
Outsourcing Types of Arrangements

Outsourcing
Outsourcing Arrangements
Arrangements
Not
Not all
alloutsourcing
outsourcing arrangements
arrangementsare
arethe
thesame.
same.They
Theycan
can
vary
varybased
basedon
onthe
theneed
needof
ofthe
thefirm
firm and
andthe
thesupplier.
supplier.
Arrangement
Arrangement Types
Types
Basic
Basic AAcash
cash and
and carry
carry relationship
relationshipin
inwhich
whichproducts
products
and
andservices
services are
arepurchased
purchasedon
onthe
thebasis
basisof
of price
priceand
and
convenience
convenience
Preferred
Preferred Relationships
Relationships with
with aafew
few suppliers
suppliers where
where the
the
buyer
buyer and
andsupplier
supplier set
set preferences
preferences and
and prices
prices based
based on
on
mutual
mutualbenefit
benefit (e.g.
(e.g.volume
volumepricing)
pricing)
Strategic
Strategic AArelationship
relationshipwhere
wherethe
thefirm
firm and
andaavendor
vendor
are
areeach
eachconcerned
concernedwith,
with, and
andperhaps
perhaps have
haveaadirect
direct stake
stake
in,
in, the
thesuccess
successof
of the
the other
other
8-37
Outsourcing Relationship Management

Managing
Managing the
theIS
ISRelationship
Relationship
Ongoing
Ongoingmanagement
management of
of the
theoutsourcing
outsourcingalliance
allianceisisthe
the
single
singlemost
most important
important aspect
aspectof
of the
theoutsourcing
outsourcingprojects
projects
success.
success. The
Thefollowing
followingare
arerecommendations
recommendationsfor
for best
best
management:
management:
AAstrong
strongCEO
CEOand
andCIO
CIO should
shouldcontinually
continuallymanage
managethe
the
legal
legaland
andprofessional
professionalrelationship
relationship with
with the
the outsourcer
outsourcer
Clear,
Clear,realistic
realisticperformance
performancemeasurements
measurements of
of the
the
systems
systems and
andof
ofthe
theoutsourcing
outsourcingarrangement
arrangement(e.g.
(e.g.
tangible
tangibleand
andintangible
intangiblecosts
costs and
andbenefits)
benefits)
The
Theinterface
interfacebetween
between the
thecustomer
customer and
andoutsourcer
outsourcer
should
shouldhave
havemultiple
multiplelevels
levels (i.e.
(i.e. links
linksto
todeal
dealwith
with
policy
policy and
andrelationship
relationshipissues)
issues)
8-38
End-User Development Tools

Tools
Tools
Many
Manytools
toolscan
canbe
beused
usedby
byend
endusers
usersfor
forbusiness
business
applications
applicationsincluding
includingsome
someof
of the
thefollowing:
following:
Personal
PersonalComputer
ComputerTools
Toolstools
toolscommon
commonto
toPCs
PCs(e.g.
(e.g.
spreadsheets)
spreadsheets)that
thatallow
allowthe
thecreation
creationof
ofmacros
macrosor
or
automated
automatedroutines
routinesby
byusers
users
Query
Querylanguages/report
languages/reportgenerators
generatorstools
toolsthat
thatutilize
utilizeSQL
SQL
to
toextract
extractinformation
informationfrom
fromdatabases
databasesand
andgenerate
generatereports
reports
in
inuser-specified
user-specifiedformats
formats
Graphics
Graphicsgenerators
generatorstools
toolsthat
thatcan
canextract
extractrelevant
relevant
information
informationfrom
fromdatabases
databasesand
andcreate
creategraphs,
graphs,charts,
charts,etc.
etc.
Decision
DecisionSupport
Supportand
andModeling
ModelingTools
Toolstools
toolsthat
thatsupport
support
complex
complexdecision
decisionmaking
makingutilizing
utilizingmultidimensional
multidimensionalmodels
models
Application
ApplicationGenerators
Generatorstools
toolsthat
thatallow
allowusers
usersto
tospecify
specify
what
whatisisto
tobe
bedone
doneand
andthe
theapplication
applicationdecides
decideshow
howititisisto
tobe
be
done
doneand
andgenerates
generatesthe
theprogram
programcode
code
8-39
End-User Development Benefits

End-User
End-User Development
Development Benefits
Benefits
Embracing
Embracingend-user
end-user development
development can
canhelp
help address
address some
some
common
commonissues
issues with
withIS
ISdevelopment,
development, including:
including:
Cost
Cost of
of labour
labour IS
ISmanagers
managerscan
can substitute
substitute
hardware
hardware and
and the
thesystems
systems for
for users
users to
to develop
develop
systems
systemsfor
forIS
ISstaff
staff
Long
Longdevelopment
development time
time allowing
allowingusers
usersto
to develop,
develop,
shortens
shortens development
development lead
leadtimes
times
Slow
Slow modification
modification users
users can
can react
react to
to their
their own
own
needs
needs
Work
Workoverload
overload leveraging
leveragingthe
thetalent
talent of
of the
theend-user
end-user
staff,
staff, in
ineffect,
effect,increases
increasesthe
thesize
sizeof
of the
the IS
ISstaff
staff
8-40
End-User Development The Benefits
8-41
End-User Development Pitfalls

Pitfalls
Pitfalls
End-user
End-userdevelopment
development isisnot
notaapanacea.
panacea.Common
Commonissues
issues
arise
ariseas
asits
itsuse
usebecomes
becomes more
moreprevalent,
prevalent,including:
including:
Lack
Lackof
ofStandards
Standardsififusers
usersdo
donot
notadopt
adoptstandards
standardsused
used
by
byIS
ISprofessionals
professionals(documentation,
(documentation,error
errorchecking,
checking,testing
testing
procedures),
procedures),the
theIS
ISstaff
staffcan
canexperience
experienceproblems
problemswhen
when
supporting
supportingusers,
users,or
ortroubleshooting
troubleshootingdata
dataintegrity
integrityand
and
security
securityproblems
problemswhen
whenenterprise
enterprisesystems
systemsare
areinvolved
involved
Lack
Lackof
ofcontinuity
continuityas
asusers
usersleave
leavethe
theorganization
organizationor
or
department,
department,new
newemployees
employeesmay
maynot
notunderstand
understandexisting
existing
programs
programsand
andlose
loseproductivity
productivitylearning
learningor
ordeveloping
developingnew
new
applications
applicationsor
orreinventing
reinventingthe
thewheel
wheel
Appropriate
AppropriateUse
Useof
ofTime
Timethere
thereisisdebate
debatewhether
whetherititisis
appropriate
appropriatefor
forskilled
skilledusers
usersand
andmanagers
managersto
tobe
bespending
spending
time
timeon
onsystems
systemsdevelopment
development
8-42

Information Systems Development and Acquisition: WWW - Pearsoned.ca/jessup

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Information Systems Development and Acquisition: WWW - Pearsoned.ca/jessup

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 8

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Options for Acquiring System Capabilities

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

The Systems Development Life Cycle

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Identification, Selection, and Planning

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Identification, Selection, and Planning

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Identification, Selection, and Planning

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Systems Analysis - Critical Success Factors

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Systems Analysis - Joint Application Design

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Analysis Modeling Organizational Data

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Requirements, Data, Data Flows, Processing Logic

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Design - Designing Forms and Reports

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Design - Designing Interfaces and Dialogues

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Design - Designing Databases and Files

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Design Designing Processing Logic

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Implementation Programming and Testing

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Implementation System Conversion

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Implementation System Documentation

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Implementation System Training

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e

2008 Pearson Education Canada

System Maintenance - Maintenance Types

Information Systems Today, 2/C/e