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Electric Current
Current is the rate at which charge is flowing in a circuit. It is the amount of charges that pass through any point of the circuit per unit time.
i.e. I = Q / t
Conventional current
Scientist first thought that positive charges flow from the
positive terminal of a cell to the negative terminal. This is
called the conventional current direction.
However, it was found that a current in a metal wire is in
fact a flow of negatively-charged electrons in the
opposite direction. Nevertheless, the conventional
current is still used.
+
electron flow
convention
current
Microscopic view of
Electric Current
In a conducting wire, the free electrons are moving about
randomly at high speeds, (about 1/1000 of the speed of
light) bouncing off the atoms.
Normally, the net flow of charge is zero.
Example 1
A hair dryer draws a current of 3 A. If it is switched on for 5
minutes,
(a)
how much charge, and
(b)
how many electrons have passed through it?
Solution:
(a) By I = Q / t
3 = Q / (5 x 60)
Q = 900 C
(b) charge of 1 electron = 1.6 x 10-19 C
no. of electron = 900 / (1.6 x 10-19) = 5.625 x 1021
Potential Difference
The potential difference, p.d. or voltage across two
points in a circuit is the amount of electrical energy which
changes into other forms of energy when unit positive
charge passes between these points.
The p.d. across two points in a circuit is 1 V if 1 J of
electrical energy is changed into other forms of energy
when 1 coulomb of charge passes between these points.
electrical energy
p.d .
charge
1 V = 1 J C-1.
or
W
Q
e.m.f. 4 V
current
4 J of energy given
to each coulomb of
charge
1 J of energy changed
into heat and heat and
light energy by each
coulomb of charge
p.d. 1 V
3 J of energy
changed into heat
and heat and light
energy by each
coulomb of charge
p.d. 3 V
Potential at a point
If a convenient point in the circuit is selected as having
zero potential, the potentials of all other points can be
stated with reference to it.
If current flows from a point A to a point B, then A is
regarded as being at a higher potential than
Consider the following circuit
6V
p.d. across AB
A
C
VAB = (1)(4) = 4 V
p.d. across BC
VBC = (1)(2) = 2 V
4
If VC = 0, VB = 2 V and VA = 6 V
If VA = 0, VB = -4 V and VC = -6 V
Internal resistance
closed
e.m.f.
E=V+v
E = IR + Ir
terminal voltage V
R
Example 2
Suppose a high-resistance voltmeter reads 1.5 V when
connected across a dry battery on open circuit, and 1.2 V
when the same battery is supplying a current of 0.3 A
through a lamp of. Find
(a)
the e.m.f., and
lost volt v e.m.f.
(b)
the internal resistance of the battery.
(a)
E.m.f = 1.5 V
r
E
(b)
Lost volt = 0.3 V
0.3 = 1.2r
r = 0.25
terminal voltage
V
R
e.m.f.
terminal voltage
2
E
R
Po I 2 R
(R r)2
I = E / (R + r)
Po
I R
R
100%
2
Pi
I RI r Rr
100 %
When R is large, 1
50 %
Resistance
The resistance of a conductor is due to the collisions
between
(1) electrons and the vibrating ions (crystal lattice) and
(2) electrons and the defects in crystal lattice at very
low temperature.
When the same p.d. is applied across different
conductors, different currents flow. Some conductors
offer more opposition or resistance to the passage of
current than others.
Resistance
The resistance R of a conductor is defined as the ratio of
the potential difference V across it to the current I
flowing through it.
resistance
p . d . across conductor
current through conductor
V
R
I
+
Conclusion:
I
T R
Resistivity of a material
1
As R
A
and R
We get R
A
Hence R
A
Resistivities of various
materials
Material
Copper
Silver
Nichrome
Graphite
Germanium
Silicon
Quartz
Class
Good conductor
Good conductor
Conductor
Conductor
Semiconductor
Semiconductor
insulator
/m
1.7 10-8
1.6 10-8
1.1 10-6
8.0 10-6
0.6
2300
5.0 1016
Example 3
Find the resistance of a copper wire if its length and
diameter are 5 m and 2 mm respectively.
Solution:
R = l/A
For the copper wire, = 1.7 x 10-8
l=5m
A = r2 = (0.002)2 = 1.2566 x 10-5 m2
R = 1.7 x 10-8 x 5 / (1.2566 x 10-5)
= 6.76 x 10-3