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t (ms)
20
40
60
80
100
10
20
30
40
50 n (samples)
0
-10
0
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y[n] x[n no ]
Unit sample (impulse) sequence
0 n0
[n]
1 n0
1.5
1
0.5
0
-10
10
-5
10
-5
10
1.5
0 n0
u[n]
1 n0
1
0.5
0
-10
Exponential sequences
x[n] An
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-5
1
0.5
0
-10
Sinusoidal Sequences
Important class of sequences
xn cos on
An exponential sequence with complex e
jo
and A A e j
xn An A e j e jon A e j on
n
xn A cos on j A sin on
n
cos o 2k n cos on
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Demo
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Discrete-Time Systems
Discrete-Time Sequence is a mathematical operation that
maps a given input sequence x[n] into an output sequence
y[n]
y[n] T{x[n]}
x[n]
T{.}
y[n]
y[n] x[n no ]
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Memoryless System
Memoryless System
A system is memoryless if the output y[n] at every value of n
depends only on the input x[n] at the same value of n
y[n] x[n]
Sign
Counter Example
Ideal Delay System
y[n] x[n no ]
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Linear Systems
Linear System: A system is linear if and only if
y[n] x[n no ]
T{x1[n] x2[n]}
T{x2[n]} T x1[n]
Tax[n]
aT x[n]
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x1[n no ] x2[n no ]
x1[n no ] x2[n no ]
ax1[n no ]
ax1[n no ]
Time-Invariant Systems
Time-Invariant (shift-invariant) Systems
A time shift at the input causes corresponding time-shift at output
y[n] x[n]
y1 n x[n no ]
yn - no x[n no ]
Counter Example
Compressor System
y[n] x[Mn]
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y1 n x[Mn no ]
yn - no xMn no
Causal System
Causality
A system is causal its output is a function of only the current and
previous samples
Examples
Backward Difference
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Stable System
Stability (in the sense of bounded-input bounded-output
BIBO)
A system is stable if and only if every bounded input produces a
bounded output
x[n] Bx y[n] By
Example
y[n] x[n]
Square
Counter Example
Log
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