Pengenalan Mineral

Pengertian Mineral

Mineral adalah bahan bentukan alam yang mempunyai komposisi kimia tertentu, pada
umumnya anorganik, dan kristalin padat

"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has
been formed as a result of geological processes" (Nickel, E. H., 1995).

"Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable

chemical composition and physical properties." (O' Donoghue, 1990).

"A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite
chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason, et al, 1968).

"These... minerals ...can be distinguished from one another by individual characteristics

that arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the arrangements these atoms
make inside them" (Sinkankas, 1966).

"A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, having usually a
definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain
characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other physical
properties" (Dana & Ford, 1932).

"Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature, having a definite

molecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties,
constitutes a mineral species" (Brush & Penfield, 1898).

Bagaimana orang mempelajari mineral

Berdasarkan sifat fisik

Berdasarkan komposisi kimia
Berdasarkan sifat optik (dengan bantuan mikroskop
polarisasi dan pantul)
Berdasarkan struktur ikatan kimia (x-ray diffraction)
Berdasarkan kenampakan pada scanning electron
microscope (SEM)

Sifat Fisik Mineral

Warna (color)
Cerat (streak)
Kilap (luster)
Kekerasan (hardness)
Belahan (cleavage)
Pecahan (fracture)
Bentuk kristal (crystal form)
Masa jenis dan kerapatan (specific gravityand unit weight)
Daya hantar panas, listrik (heat & electrical conductivity)
Indeks bias (
Daya simpan cahaya (fluorescence)
Kemagnitan (magnetism)

Warna (Color)

Warna: warna mineral

dalam keadaan utuh.
Warna mineral biasanya
dipengaruhi oleh
komposisi kimia

Cerat (Streak)

Kilap (Luster)
Kemampuan permukaan mineral mereflesikan cahaya
macamnya
-

Metallic (logam)
Vitreous (kaca)
Resinous (resin)
Greasy (lemak)
Pearly (mutiara)
Silky (sutera)
Adamantin (intan)

Kilap (Luster)

Kekerasan (Hardness)

Kekerasan adalah ketahanan mineral terhadap goresan

Cleavage

Fracture

Mineral form

Crystal Form

Crystal Form

Crystal Form

Chemical
Classification

Polarization Microscope

Optical Properties

X-ray analysis

Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) is one of the primary techniques used

by mineralogists and solid state chemists to examine the physicochemical make-up of unknown solids. This data is represented in a
collection of single-phase X-ray powder diffraction patterns for the three
most intense D values in the form of tables of interplanar spacings (D),
relative intensities (I/Io), hkl plane, mineral name and chemical
formulas.

The XRD technique takes a sample of the material and places a

powdered sample in a holder, then the sample is illuminated with x-rays
of a fixed wave-length and the intensity of the reflected radiation is
recorded using a goniometer. This data is then analyzed for the
reflection angle to calculate the inter-atomic spacing (D value in
Angstrom units - 10-8 cm). The intensity (I) is measured to discriminate
(using I ratios) the various D spacings and the results are compared to
this table to identify possible matches.

59.088 []; 1.56219 []

56.298 []; 1.63281 []

50.133 []; 1.81817 []

51.958 []; 1.75851 []

45.469 []; 1.99322 []

47.433 []; 1.91517 []

39.504 []; 2.27935 []

40.702 []; 2.21496 []

36.567 []; 2.45537 []

37.097 []; 2.42150 []

34.932 []; 2.56643 []

31.733 []; 2.81748 []

26.657 []; 3.34138 []

33.064 []; 2.70704 []

400

25.249 []; 3.52441 []

19.831 []; 4.47334 []

20.851 []; 4.25690 []

LAGI-04

12.488 []; 7.08232 []

900

28.515 []; 3.12772 []

29.505 []; 3.02501 []

Counts

100

0
10

20

30

40

50

Position [2Theta]

Visible

Ref. Code

Score

Compound Name

Displacement
[2Th.]

Scale Factor

Chemical Formula

00-024-0076

67

Pyrite

0.000

0.193

Fe S2

01-085-0795

56

Quartz

0.000

0.648

Si O2

01-075-0306

52

Halite

0.000

0.548

Na Cl

01-072-1651

20

Calcite

0.000

0.153

Ca C O3

00-007-0330

IlliteMontmorillonite,
regular

0.000

0.093

K - Al4 ( Si Al )8
O20 ( O H )4 !x H2
O

00-007-0076

Clinoclore, ferroan

0.000

0.071

( Mg2.8 Fe1.7
Al1.2 ) ( Si2.8
Al1.2 ) O10 ( O H )8

00-019-0364

Cobaltpentlandite,
syn

0.000

0.043

Co9 S8

Scanning Electrone Microscope