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A
Prof. Dr. Hoda Abu-Seif Helmy
Pathology Department
Medical Research Institute
Alexandria University
Definition
OUTLINE
Classification of tumors
Characteristics
Predisposing factors
Pathogenesis
Characterized by:
Nuclear & cellular pleomorphism
Hyperchromatism
↑ nucleo-cytoplasmic Ratio
Abundant mitoses
Tumour Giant cells may be seen
Local invasion
Most Benign Tumours develop a rim of connective
tissue, or capsule, at periphery
Physical carcinogens:
( UV radiation----- skin cancer)
Pathogenesis of cancer
Cancer is a genetic disease. It arises when several
mutations accumulate within the genome.
Promotion:
Clonal expansion of the initiated cell
"hyperplasia"
Pathogenesis (3)
Progression:
The growth becomes autonomous
(dysplasia and carcinoma insitu)
Cancer:
The end result, the cells acquire the
capacity to invade and metastasise
Effects of tumour
on host
l) Systemic effects of cancer
on the host
The symptoms of cancer are referable to the local
effects of either the primary tumour or its
metastases.
However, a minority of patients may be related to
synthesis of bioactive compounds by the tumour.
Such effects are collectively termed
paraneoplastic syndromes
• Neurologic syndromes
• Skeletal muscle syndromes
• Haematologic syndromes
• Or affect gastrointestinal system,
kidney, skin...
damages of the
Effects resulting from direct extension
involved organ or the adjacent tissue.
b) Frozen sections:
Histologic examination is the most
important method of diagnosis.
In addition to the usual paraffin
embedded sections, quick-frozen
sections are employed to obtain a rapid
diagnosis while the patient is still under
anaesthesia.
2) Cytologic methods
a) Fine needle aspiration:
This involves aspiration of cells and fluids from
tumours that occur in palpable sites eg.
Breast, thyroid. The aspirated cells are
smeared, stained and examined.
b) Cytologic smear:.
These involves examination of cancer cells
that are shed. Exfoliative cytology is used
mainly in the diagnosis of dysplasia,
carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer of the
uterine cervix and also tumours of the
stomach, bronchus, and urinary bladder.
3) DNA Flow cytometry