Semantic Web Cake(Architecture)

URI/IRI LAYER

URI- Universal Resource Identifier

IRI- International Resource Identifier

Bottom Layer

Sits upon Unicode(basis of Semantic Web Languages)

 Why URL → URI?

The Internationalization Problem ( a scalability problem)

The Privatization Problem ( a scalability problem)

The terminology problem ( a semantic problem)

The identity problem ( a semantic problem)

 XML Layer
Namespaces
•Integral part of the overall language
•Provide a simple method for qualifying element and attribute
names in a XML document

XML Schema
•Describes the structure of XML document
•Entails data typing and constrains document structure to
maintain predictable computable processing
•Defines the content and semantics
 XML Layer (Contd…)

XML Query
•Standardized Query language for combining documents, databases,
Web pages and almost everything.
•Provides flexible query facilities to extract data from real and virtual
documents on the WWW
 XML Layer (Contd…)
XML Topic Maps
•Addresses the issue of Internationalization and Identity
•Provides an Interchange syntax for finding aids( index, glossaries etc.)
•Creates associations among topics- electronic proxies of subjects
•Basenames that can be scoped by human languages are built into the
data model
•Explicitly distinguishes between addressable and non-addressable
subjects
 Semantic Base
Data Interchange Layer: RDF

RDF Schema Layer: RDFS

Ontology Layer: OWL

Query and Rule Layers: RIF and SPARQL ( and Ontologies)

Unifying Logic Layer

 Data Interchange Layer: RDF
Provides a basic assertion model

Uses semantics provided by RDF

Allows Entity-relationship-like model to be made for data representation

and exchange

Simple Data Integration, Aggregation and Interoperability are enabled

using RDF standards

 RDF Schema Layer: RDFS

Describes specific kinds or classes of resources by using properties

Extends basic RDF specification to support the expression of

structured Vocabularies

Provides information of statements in RDF Data Model

 Ontology Layer (OWL)

Most effective and innovative layer

Web Ontology Language (OWL)

Adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes:

•Disjointness

•Cardinality

•Equalify

•Rich typing

•Enumeration
 Ontology Layer (OWL) (Contd…)

Design Goals
Shared Ontologies:
•Should be available publicly
•Should be extensible

Ontology Evolution:
•Change during lifetime
•Ontology Version
Ontology Interoperability:
•Provide primitives for relating different representation
Ontology Layer (OWL) (Contd…)

Design Goals (Contd…)

Inconsistency Detection
Balance of expressivity and scalability
Ease of Use
Compatibility with other standards
Internationalization
Ontology Layer (OWL) (Contd…)

Existing Ontologies:
•DDC (Dewey Decimal Classification)
•MeSH ( Medical Subject Heading)

Existing Meta-Ontologies:
•Cyc
•Conceptual Graphs
•OIL (Ontology Inferencing Layer)
 Query and Rule Layers: RIF &
SPARQL

SPARQL Features:
Express queries across diverse data source
Query Audit and Optional graph
Supports extensible value testing
Provide resolved queries as result sets
 Unifying Logic Layer

Status
Universal language for monotonic logic
Any rule system can export, generally cannot import
No one standard engine – inference capabilities differ
Many engines exist (SQL to KIF, Cycl, etc.)
Any system can validate proofs
Web assumptions different from closed world
Unifying Logic Layer (Contd…)

Turns a Limited Declarative Language into Turing-complete

logical language with inference and functions

Allows any 2 RDFs to be connected together

Universal Language to unify all data just like HTML

 Proof

Validation

Two disciplines:

• Formal methods for proving programs correct

• Automated theorem proving

 Trust

Extension of “Proof Validation”

Rate data in terms of Trustworthiness

 Crypto

Encryption

Provides security to the data in the lower layers

User Interfaces and Application
Layer
Provides the user accessible area

User Interaction
 Samples
SPARQL

OWL
 References
1. ‘XML and Web Services Unleashed’ by Schmelzer, Travis, Jason, Madhu,
Sam, Qualls, Houlding, Darby, Diane Kennedy, Sams Publishing
2. ‘Implementing Semantic Web Services’ by Fensel, Kerrigan, Zaremba,
Springer Press
3. ‘Semantic Web for Dummies’ by Jeffrey T. Pollock, Wiley Publishing Inc.
4. ‘Programming the Semantic Web’ by Tobie, Evans and Taylor, O’Reilly
Media
5. ‘XML Databases and the Semantic Web’ by Bhavani Thuraisingham, CRC
Press
6. ‘Semantic Web Programming’ by Hebeler, Fisher, Blace and Lopez,
Wiley Publishing Inc.
Thank you!