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Data Description
McGraw-Hill, Bluman, 5th ed, Chapter
3
Chapter 3 Overview
Introduction
Bluman, Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Objectives
1. Summarize data using measures of
central tendency.
2. Describe data using measures of
variation.
3. Identify the position of a data value in a
data set.
4. Use boxplots and five-number
summaries to discover various aspects
of data.
Bluman, Chapter 3
Introduction
Traditional Statistics
Average
Variation
Position
Bluman, Chapter 3
A parameter is a characteristic or
measure obtained by using all the data
values for a specific population.
Bluman, Chapter 3
Bluman, Chapter 3
Mean
Bluman, Chapter 3
X
X 1 X 2 is
X3
L Xfor
The Xsymbol
used
sample
mean.
n
Bluman, Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-1
Page #106
Bluman, Chapter 3
X
n
20 26 40 36 23 42 35 24 30 276
X
30.7
9
9
10
Bluman, Chapter 3
11
Bluman, Chapter 3
12
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-3
Page #107
Bluman, Chapter 3
13
1
2
3
5
4
3
2
f = 20
Bluman, Chapter 3
14
Class
5.5 - 10.5
10.5 - 15.5
15.5 - 20.5
20.5 - 25.5
25.5 - 30.5
30.5 - 35.5
35.5 - 40.5
f X
X
n
8
13
18
23
28
33
38
1
2
3
5
4
3
2
f = 20
m
f Xm
8
26
54
115
112
99
76
f Xm = 490
490
24.5 miles
20
Bluman, Chapter 3
15
16
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-4
Page #110
Bluman, Chapter 3
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18
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-6
Page #110
Bluman, Chapter 3
19
810
2
2
20
21
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-9
Page #111
Bluman, Chapter 3
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23
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-10
Page #112
Bluman, Chapter 3
24
There is no mode.
Bluman, Chapter 3
25
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-11
Page #112
Bluman, Chapter 3
26
104 and 109 both occur the most. The data set
is said to be bimodal.
The modes are 104 and 109.
Bluman, Chapter 3
27
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-12
Page #111
Bluman, Chapter 3
28
Frequency
5.5 10.5
10.5 15.5
15.5 20.5
20.5 25.5
25.5 30.5
30.5 35.5
35.5 40.5
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29
Lowest Highest
MR
2
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30
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-15
Page #114
Bluman, Chapter 3
31
1 8 9
MR
4.5
2
2
32
w1 X 1 w2 X 2 L wn X n
X
w1 w2 L wn
Bluman, Chapter 3
wX
w
33
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-1
Example 3-17
Page #115
Bluman, Chapter 3
34
Course
Credits, w
Grade, X
English Composition
A (4 points)
Introduction to Psychology
C (2 points)
Biology
B (3 points)
Physical Education
D (1 point)
wX
X
w
3 4 3 2 4 3 2 1 32
2.7
3 3 4 2
12
35
Bluman, Chapter 3
36
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37
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38
Bluman, Chapter 3
39
Distributions
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40
Deviation
Coefficient
of Variation
Chebyshevs
Empirical
Theorem
Rule (Normal)
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41
R Highest Lowest
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42
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-2
Example 3-18/19
Page #123/125
Bluman, Chapter 3
43
Brand B
10
35
60
45
50
30
30
35
40
40
20
25
Bluman, Chapter 3
44
Brand A
Brand B
35
10
35
60
45
50
30
30
35
40
40
20
25
Brand A:
R 60 10 50
Brand B:
210
35
N
6
R 45 25 20
The average for both brands is the same, but the range
for Brand A is much greater than the range for Brand B.
Which brand would you buy?
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46
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Measures of Variation:
Variance & Standard Deviation
(Population Theoretical Model)
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48
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-2
Example 3-21
Page #125
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X-
(X - )2
10
60
50
30
40
20
35
35
35
35
35
35
-25
25
15
-5
5
-15
625
625
225
25
25
225
1750
1750
6
291.7
1750
6
17.1
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Measures of Variation:
Variance & Standard Deviation
(Sample Theoretical Model)
X X
n 1
X X
n 1
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Measures of Variation:
Variance & Standard Deviation
(Sample Computational Model)
52
Measures of Variation:
Variance & Standard Deviation
(Sample Computational Model)
s
2
n n 1
53
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-2
Example 3-23
Page #129
Bluman, Chapter 3
54
125.44
141.61
144.00
163.84
179.56
204.49
958.94
n X X
2
s
2
s
2
n n 1
6 958.94 75.6
6 5
s 2 1.28
s 1.13
s 2 6 958.94 75.62 / 6 5
Bluman, Chapter 3
55
Measures of Variation:
Coefficient of Variation
The coefficient of variation is the
standard deviation divided by the
mean, expressed as a percentage.
s
CVAR 100%
X
56
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-2
Example 3-25
Page #132
Bluman, Chapter 3
57
Sales
773
CVar
100% 14.8%
5225
Commissions
58
Measures of Variation:
Range Rule of Thumb
The Range Rule of Thumb
approximates the standard deviation
as
Range
59
Measures of Variation:
Range Rule of Thumb
Use X 2 s to approximate the lowest
value and X 2 s to approximate the
highest value in a data set.
60
Measures of Variation:
Chebyshevs Theorem
2
3
4
1-1/4=3/4
1-1/9=8/9
1-1/16=15/16
Bluman, Chapter 3
Minimum Percentage
within k standard
deviations
75%
88.89%
93.75%
61
Measures of Variation:
Chebyshevs Theorem
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Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-2
Example 3-27
Page #135
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64
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-2
Example 3-28
Page #135
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1 1/ k 2 1 1/ 2.52
0.84
66
Measures of Variation:
Empirical Rule (Normal)
The percentage of values from a data set that
fall within k standard deviations of the mean in
a normal (bell-shaped) distribution is listed
below.
# of standard Proportion within k standard
deviations, k
deviations
68%
95%
99.7%
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Measures of Variation:
Empirical Rule (Normal)
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X X
z
s
X
z
70
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-3
Example 3-29
Page #142
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71
X X 65 50
z
1.5 Calculus
s
10
X X 30 25
z
1.0 History
s
5
72
Percentile
100%
total # of values
n p
c
100
Bluman, Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-3
Example 3-32
Page #147
Bluman, Chapter 3
75
Percentile
100%
total # of values
6 0.5
A student whose score
100%
was 12 did better than
10
65% of the class.
65%
Bluman, Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-3
Example 3-34
Page #148
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77
n p 10 25
c
2.5 3
100
100
The value 5 corresponds to the 25th percentile.
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78
Measures of Position:
Quartiles and Deciles
Q2 = median(Low,High)
Q1 = median(Low,Q2)
Q3 = median(Q2,High)
79
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-3
Example 3-36
Page #150
Bluman, Chapter 3
80
6 12
Q1 median Low, MD
9
2
13 15
Q 2 median Low, High
14
2
18 22
Q3 median MD, High
20
2
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Measures of Position:
Outliers
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Five-Number Summary is
composed of the following numbers:
Low, Q1, MD, Q3, High
The
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83
Procedure Table
Constructing Boxplots
1. Find the five-number summary.
2. Draw a horizontal axis with a scale that includes
the maximum and minimum data values.
3. Draw a box with vertical sides through Q1 and
Q3, and draw a vertical line though the median.
4. Draw a line from the minimum data value to the
left side of the box and a line from the maximum
data value to the right side of the box.
Bluman, Chapter 2
84
Chapter 3
Data Description
Section 3-4
Example 3-38
Page #163
Bluman, Chapter 3
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Low
MD
Q3
High
83.5
164
296
30
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86