UGPA2233 Materials

Science and Engineering

Chapter 1
Introduction - Classification and
Properties of Materials, Atomic Structure
and Inter-atomic Bonding

Lecture

Atomic Structure and Inter-atomic

Bonding

Fundamental Concept Atomic Structure, Atomic Models and Electron

Configuration

Periodic Table

Bonding Forces and Energies

Atomic Bonding Primary & Secondary Bonding

Isotope - Atoms of an element that have two or

more different atomic mass. The number of protons
in an isotope will be the same but the number of
neutrons may vary.

Atomic Weight average atomic mass of an atoms

naturally occurring isotopes.
Some information (exact atomic weight for each
naturally occurring stable isotope and its percent
abundance) are needed. The unit will be either amu
(atomic mass unit) or g/mol.
Example: Calculate the average atomic weight of
Carbon isotope given that:
mass
number

exact
weight

percent
abundance

12

12.000000

98.90

13

13.003355

1.10

Average atomic weight of C: (12.000000) (0.9890) +

Mole 1 mole of a substance contains 6.023 x 1023

atoms or molecules also known as Avogardos
number.
Thus,

1 amu/atom = 1 g/mole

 Electrons are characterized to have both

wavelike and particle-like characters.
Electrons forms electron cloud and does
not move in a discreet orbital around the
nucleus.
The position of electrons are determined
based on the probability distribution

The smaller the principal quantum number,

the lower the energy level.

Within each shell, the energy level of a

subshell increase with the l quantum number,

which is s < p < d < f.
There may b overlap in energy of a state in

one shell with states in an adjacent shell,

which is especially true d and f subshell, for
example the energy for 3d state is slightly
higher than 4s.

Write the electron configuration

for the following atoms by using
conventional spdf notation

Potential Energy is the energy required to separate

two atoms to an infinite separation.

Melting Temperature, TM

E0 is the bonding energy between atoms or

molecules, higher the E0, higher the TM, Why???

Exam
ple

Hydrogen bonding
- is the attractive force between the hydrogen
attached to an electronegative atom of one
molecule and an electronegative atom of a different
molecule.
- Usually the electronegative atom is oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine, which has a partial negative
charge.
- E.g. Water molecules (H2O), Hydrochloric acid (HCl),
polyamide (H-N-C=O) & alcohols (RCOH)etc.