ETHICS AND

PROFESSIONALISM IN ICT
PROF. DR. HJH. FATIMAH DATO
AHMAD 3223)
(TSK
TEL: 03-90512564 / 019-3344600
BILIK: 215, ARAS 2, BANGUNAN LESTARI

1. ICT-IMPLICATION TO SOCIETY
OUTLINES:1.1 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY (ICT) HISTORY
1.2 TELECOMMUNICATION
1.3 INFORMATIONAL SOCIETY
1.4 EVALUATE ICT BENEFITS
1.5 ICT ISSUES

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ICT

Definitions: Information technology - Deals with the use of electronic
computers and computer software to convert, store, protect,
process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.

Communication Technology - A process to store or deliver

information using electronic and graphic means. Processes
include encoding, transmitting, receiving, storing, retrieving
and decoding.

ICT - a range of technologies for gathering, storing,

retrieving, processing, analyzing and transmitting
information.

1.1 INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
HISTORY

Four basic periods

Characterized by a principal technology
used to solve the input, processing,
output and communication problems of
the time:

Premechanical;
Mechanical;
Electromechanical; and
Electronic

THE PREMECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.

Writing and Alphabets--communication.

First humans communicated only through
speaking and picture drawings.
Paper and Pens--input technologies.
Sumerians' input technology was a stylus
that could scratch marks in wet clay.

THE PREMECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.

Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage

Devices.
Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the
earliest "books". The Egyptians kept scrolls.
The First Numbering Systems.
The first numbering systems similar to
those in use today were invented between
100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who
created a nine-digit numbering system.

THE PREMECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.

The First Calculators: The Abacus.

One of the very first information processors.

The Mechanical Age: 1450 A.D. - 1840 A.D.

The First Information Explosion.

Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany)
Invented the movable metal-type printing process
in 1450 A.D.

The first general purpose "computers

Actually people who held the job title
"computer: one who works with numbers."

The Mechanical Age: 1450 A.D. - 1840 A.D.

3. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and

Leibniz's Machine - Slide Rule.

The slide rule early example of an analog

computer.

The Mechanical Age: 1450 A.D. - 1840 A.D.

The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal

(1623-1662).

One of the first mechanical computing

machines, around 1642.

The Mechanical Age: 1450 A.D. - 1840 A.D.

Leibniz's Machine.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716),
German mathematician and philosopher.

The Mechanical Age: 1450 A.D. - 1840 A.D.

Babbage's Engines
Charles Babbage (1792-1871), eccentric
English mathematician invented 2 different
machines

The Difference Engine

Engine

The Analytical

The Mechanical Age: 1450 A.D. - 1840 A.D.

Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom.

Designed during the 1830s
Parts remarkably similar to modern-day
computers.
The "store"
The "mill"
Punch cards.

Punch card idea was picked up by Babbage

from Joseph Marie Jacquard's (17521834) loom.
Introduced in 1801.
Binary logic
Fixed program that would operate in real time.

The Mechanical Age: 1450 A.D. - 1840 A.D.

Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom.

The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940

The discovery of ways to harness electricity

was the key advance made during this
period. Knowledge and information could
now be converted into electrical impulses.
The Beginnings of Telecommunication.
Voltaic Battery.
Late 18th century.

Telegraph.
Early 1800s.

Morse Code.
Developed in1835 by Samuel Morse
Dots and dashes.

The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940

Telephone and Radio.

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in

1876 at the age of 29.
Followed by the discovery that electrical waves
travel through space and can produce an effect
far from the point at which they originated. These
two events led to the invention of the radio by

Guglielmo Marconi in 1894.

The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940

Electromechanical Computing Herman

Hollerith and IBM.

Census Machine.

Early punch cards.

By 1890 The International Business

Machines Corporation (IBM).

The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940

Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard

University
Built the Mark I
Completed January 1942
8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons,
used about 750,000 parts

Paper tape stored data and program instructions.

The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present

1. First Tries. Early 1940s

Electronic vacuum tubes.
2. Eckert and Mauchly. The First HighSpeed, General-Purpose Computer
Using Vacuum Tubes: Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC)1946.
Used vacuum tubes (not mechanical devices) to do
its calculations.
Hence, first electronic computer.

Developers John Mauchly, a physicist, and John

Prosper Eckert, an electrical engineer
The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the
University of Pennsylvania funded by the U.S. Army.

The Electronic Age: 1940 Present

Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer (ENIAC)

The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present

3.Early 1940s, Mauchly and Eckert began to

design the EDVAC - the Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.
4.Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the
development of a computer called UNIVAC
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer)
5.But, a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic
Office) went into action a few months before
UNIVAC and became the world's first
commercial computer.

The Four Generations of Digital Computing

1. The First Generation (1951-1958).

Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.
Punch cards to input and externally store
data.
Rotating magnetic drums for internal
storage of data and programs
Programs written in
Machine language
Assembly language
Requires a compiler

The Four Generations of Digital Computing

2. The Second Generation (1959-1963).

Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as the
main logic element.
AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s
Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors
could be used in the design of a device called a
transistor

Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched

cards as external storage devices.
Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets
that could be polarized in one of two directions to
represent data) strung on wire within the computer
became the primary internal storage technology.

High-level programming languages

E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL

The Four Generations of Digital Computing

3. The Third Generation (1964-1979).

Individual transistors were replaced by
integrated circuits.
Magnetic tape and disks completely replace
punch cards as external storage devices.
Magnetic core internal memories began to
give way to a new form, metal oxide
semiconductor (MOS) memory, which, like
integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips.
Operating systems
Advanced programming languages like BASIC
developed.
Which is where Bill Gates and Microsoft got their start in
1975.

The Four Generations of Digital Computing

4. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present). Largescale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and
VLSICs)
Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and
control circuits (an entire CPU = Central Processing
Unit) on a single chip.
Which allowed for home-use personal computers or PCs,
like the Apple (II and Mac) and IBM PC.
Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen Wozniak and Steven
Jobs.
Initially sold for $1,195 (without a monitor); had 16K RAM.

First Apple Mac released in 1984.

IBM PC introduced in 1981.
Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)

Fourth generation language software products

E.g., Visicalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft Word, and many others.
Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in early 1980s

1.2 TELECOMMUNICATION

Telecommunication is the assisted

transmission over a distance for the
purpose of communication.

In earlier times, this may have involved the

use of smoke signals, drums etc.

In modern times, telecommunication

typically involves the use of electronic
devices such as the telephone, television,
radio or computer.

1.2 TELECOMMUNICATION

Communication technology has advanced at

an incredible rate over the last 40 years. For
example these have become commonplace.

Mobile phones
Satellite and Undersea cables
Internet
Email
Instant Messaging
Texting
Video Conference
24 hours rolling news

This has changed the way people in our

Society talk or communicate with one
another.

1.3 INFORMATIONAL SOCIETY

An information society is a society in

which the creation, distribution, diffusion,
use, integration and manipulation of
information as a significant economic,
political, and cultural activity.

1.4 EVALUATE ICT BENEFITS

Friends and family, no matter where they

are on the planet, people can talk to one
another if they have access to the right
technology.

1.4 EVALUATE ICT BENEFITS

Travel and the Environment: Video

conferencing and email have reduced the
need for business travel.

1.4 EVALUATE ICT BENEFITS

Education and Training: Video

conferencing and remote control of another
computer has allowed teachers and trainers
to run lessons from far away.

1.4 EVALUATE ICT BENEFITS

Working anywhere: Being able to access

the company network from anywhere
means that people are no longer tied to the
office, they could just as easily work from
home. Because of this, home working
('Teleworking') is becoming more common.

1.4 EVALUATE ICT BENEFITS

World Awareness: The 24-hour news

networks brings us events from around the
world as they happen. This means that as a
Society we can react almost immediately.

1.4 EVALUATE ICT BENEFITS

Social connections: Research has shown

that over 60 million American citizens turn
to the Internet when they need career
advice, helping people through an illness or
finding a new house.

1.5 Questions

What are the advantages of using ICT?

Does ICT have disadvantages?