if Statement

if (amount <= balance)

balance = balance - amount;

if/else Statement
if (amount <= balance)
balance = balance - amount;
else
balance = balanceOVERDRAFT_PENALTY;

Block Statement
if (amount <= balance)
{
double newBalance = balance - amount;
balance = newBalance;
}
Note: block allows more than one statement
to be combined, to form a new statement

Equality Testing vs. Assignment

The = = operator tests for equality:
if (x = = 0) . . // if x equals zero
The = operator assigns a value to a variable:
x = 0; // assign 0 to x
Don't confuse them.
Java = = is the same as mathematical =

Comparing Floating-Point
Numbers
Consider this code:
double r = Math.sqrt(2);
double d = r * r -2;
if (d == 0)
System.out.println(
"sqrt(2)squared minus 2 is 0");
else
System.out.println(
"sqrt(2)squared minus 2 is not 0 but " + d);

 It prints:
sqrt(2)squared minus 2 is not 0 but
4.440892098500626E-16
Don't use == to compare floating-point
numbers

Comparing Floating-Point
Numbers
Two numbers are close to another if
|x - y| <=
is a small number such as 10-14
Not good enough if x, y very large or very small.
Then use
|x - y| / max(|x|, |y|) <=
But if one of the numbers is zero, don't divide by
max(|x |, |y|)

String Comparison
Don't use = = for strings!
if (input = = "Y") // WRONG!!!
Use equals method:
if (input.equals("Y"))
= = tests identity, equals tests equal contents
Case insensitive test ("Y" or "y")
if (input.equalsIgnoreCase("Y"))

Lexicographic Comparison
s.compareTo(t) < 0 means:
s comes before t in the dictionary
"car"comes before "cargo"
"cargo" comes before "cathode"
All uppercase letters come before lowercase:
"Hello" comes before "car"

Lexicographic Comparison

Object Comparison

= = tests for identical object

equals for identical object content
Rectangle cerealBox = new
Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
Rectangle oatmealBox = new
Rectangle(5, 10, 20, 30);
Rectangle r = cerealBox;
cerealBox != oatmealBox,
but cerealBox.equals(oatmealBox)
cerealBox == r
Caveat: equals must be defined for the class (chap 11)

Object Comparison

The null Reference

null reference refers to no object at all
Can be used in tests:

if (account == null) . . .

Use ==, not equals, to test for null

showInputDialog returns null if the user hit the cancel
button:
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("...");
if (input != null) { ... }
null is not the same as the empty string ""

Multiple Alternatives
if (condition1)
statement1;
else if (condition2)
statement2;
else if (condition3)
statement3;
else
statement4;
The first matching condition is executed.
Order matters.

Multiple Alternatives
Order matters:
if (condition1)

Statement1;
else if (condition2)
Statement2;
else if (condition3)
Statement3;
else // option executes of all conditions fail
Statement4;

Nested Branches
Branch inside another branch
if (condition1)
{
if (condition1a)
statement1a;
else
statement1b;
}
else
statement2;

The boolean Type

George Boole (1815-1864): pioneer in the
study of logic
value of expression amount < 1000 is true or
false.
boolean type: set of 2 values, true and false

Predicate Method
return type boolean
Example:
public boolean isOverdrawn()
{ return balance < 0; }
Use in conditions
if (harrysChecking.isOverdrawn()) ...
Useful predicate methods in Character class:
isDigit
isLetter
isUpperCase
isLowerCase
if (Character.isUpperCase(ch)) ...

Boolean Operators
! not
&& and (short circuited)
|| or (short circuited)
A

!A

true

false

false

true

Truth Tables
A

A && B

true

true

true

true
false

false
Any

false
false

A
true
false
false

B
Any
true
false

A || B
true
true
false

Boolean Variables
private boolean married;
Set to truth value:
married = input.equals("M");
Use in conditions:
if (married) ... else ...
if (!married) ...
Also called flag
Don't test Boolean variables against truth values-sign of cluelessness:
if (married == true) // DON'T
if (married == false) // DON'T
if (married != false) // NO!!!

Investment with Compound

Interest
Invest $10,000, 5% interest, compounded annually

Year Balance
0
$10,000
1
$10,500
2
$11,025
3 $11,576.25
When will the balance be at least $20,000?

while Statement
while (condition)
statement;
//repeats the statement while the condition is true
while (balance < targetBalance){
year++;
double interest = balance * rate / 100;
balance = balance + interest;
}

Flowchart for while Loop

Common Error: Infinite Loop

while (year < 20)
{
balance = balance +
balance * rate / 100;
}
while (year > 0)
{
year++; // oops, meant -}
Loops run forever--must kill program

Common Error: Off-by-1

Error
year = 0;
while (balance < targetBalance){
year++;
double interest = balance * rate / 100;
balance = balance + interest;
}
System.out.println("Reached target after "
+ year + " years.");
Should year start at 0 or 1?
Should the test be < or <=?

Avoiding Off-by-1 Error

Run through a simple example:
target balance = $20,000, interest rate 50%
after one year: balance = $15,000
after two years: balance = $22,500
Therefore: year must start at 0
interest rate 100%
after one year: balance = $20,000
loop should stop
Therefore: must use <
Think, don't compile and try at random

do Statement
Executes loop body at least once:
do
statement
while (condition);
Example: Validate input
double value;
do{
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
"Please enter a positive number");
value = Integer.parseInt(input);
} while (input <= 0);

Flowchart for do Loop

for Statement
for (initialization; condition; update)
statement
Example:
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
double interest = balance * rate / 100;
balance = balance + interest;
}
Equivalent to:
initialization;
while (condition){
statement;
update;
}

Flowchart for for Loop

Common Errors: Semicolons

A semicolon that shouldn't be there
sum = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++);
sum = sum + i;
System.out.println(sum);

Common Errors: Semicolons

A semicolon that shouldn't be there

sum = 0;
i = 1;
while ( i <= 10) ;
{
sum = sum + i;
i = i + 1;
}
System.out.println(sum);

Nested Loops
Create triangle pattern
[]
[][]
[][][]
[][][][]
Loop through rows
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
// make triangle row
}

 Make triangle row is another loop

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
r = r + "[]";
r = r + "\n";

Put loops together => Nested loops

for (int i = 1; i <= width; i++) {
// make triangle row
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
r = r + "[]";
r = r + "\n";
}

Reading Input Values

General pattern:
boolean done = false;
while (!done)
{
String input = read input;
if (end of input indicated)
done = true;
else
{
process input
}
}
"Loop and a half"

Another option
General pattern:

while (end of input != read input ){

process input
}

String Tokenization
StringTokenizer breaks up string into tokens
By default, white space separates tokens
"4.3 7 -2" breaks into three tokens:
"4.3", "7", "-2"
StringTokenizer tokenizer
= new StringTokenizer(a String);
while (tokenizer.hasMoreTokens())
{
String token = tokenizer.nextToken();
process token
}

Traversing Characters in String

s.charAt(i) is the ith character of the string s

for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++)

{
char ch = s.charAt(i);
process ch
}