Organization

Boss

Co-workers

Managers

 choices

we make.ppsx

Knights

PGPM 2016-17
Term I
Poornima Gupta

Poornima.gupta@greatlakes.edu.in
9818130344

Introduction

This course is about the way people actually

behave in organisations

helping you to improve your own personal

competency

..\OB2016.doc

Introduction
cont..

It attempts to answer some questions such as:

Why are some employees hostile and others apathetic?

Why do some people restrict their output?
Why do superiors so often get unintended consequences from
issuing simple directions?
Why are some groups enthused about their work and others not
so?
Why well intended company policies fail to excite all employees
in the same way?

And many more

..\OB2016.doc

Objectives
This course therefore attempts to help
nurture students faith that there is order in
the human behaviour.

..\OB2016.doc

Objectives cont
That mans reaction is not a chaotic chance
affair, that within limits, it is predictable.

Objectives cont
Knowledge and skillful diagnosis of human
behavior, our own as well as others, can help
us to become more realistic, more
understanding , and in turn, more productive.

WHAT IS OB?

OB is about----

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

the study of human behavior, attitudes and performance within

an organizational setting;
drawing on theory, methods and principles from such
disciplines--as psychology, sociology, and cultural anthropology to learn
about
individual perception, values, learning capabilities, and
actions
while working with groups and within the total organization;
analyzing the external environments effect on the organization
and its human resources, missions, objectives and strategies.
Organizational behavior is defined as The understanding,
prediction and management of human behavior in organizations.
Fred Luthans

 From

the above definitions, OB can be seen as--- A way of thinking

An interdisciplinary field
Having a distinctly humanistic outlook
Performance oriented
Seeing the external environment as critical
Using scientific method
Having an application orientation

Topics to be covered
Human Problems of Administration
Individual Behaviour

Individual Characteristics
Ability & learning
Personality
Perception
Motivation
Attitudes & Job Satisfaction

org beh outline.doc

What is an Organization?

ORGANIZATION IS
A COLLECTION OF

PEOPLE WORKING TOGETHER

IN A DIVISION OF LABOR
USING ALLOCATED RESOURCES
IN AN EFFECTIVE AND EFFICFENT WAY
ON A RELATIVELY CONTINUOUS BASIS
TO ACHIEVE A COMMON GOAL.

Types of Study Variables

Independent (X)

The presumed cause of the

change in the dependent
variable (Y).
This is the variable that OB
researchers manipulate to
observe the changes in Y.

Dependent (Y)

This is the response to X

(the independent variable).
It is what the OB
researchers want to
predict or explain.
The interesting variable!

Theory X by McGregor

Individuals dislike work and would seek to avoid it. Work is a

necessary evil. It has to be done and one cannot live without it;
yet it is degradable, constraining, and distasteful.

Since people do not like to work they have to be coerced and

goaded to work. Fear has to be induced with the threat of
punishment to get them to put forth necessary efforts to
achieve the goals of the organization.

The average human being avoids responsibility and prefers to be

directed. He has no ambition and the only thing he wants from
work is security.

The average human being is unimaginative. He cannot innovate

and think of creative ways of doing things. He seeks
satisfaction in doing thing in ways as were done before

Rational System Model

Self Sufficient
Perfect
Little human Interference

Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations published in 1776)

Max Weber
Fredrick Taylor
Henry Fayol

DIVISION OF LABOUR (Adam

Smith,)

One man makes one pin a day.

One man draws out the wire another straightens it, a third cuts it, a
fourth paints it , a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the heads; to
make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on is
a peculiar business, to whiten the pin is another, it is even a trade by
itself to put them into the paper, and the important business of making
the pin is., in this manner divided into about eighteen distinct
operations

Result
Upwards

people

of 48000 pins a day by 10

One person cannot perform all the

operations
Each job requires special skills
Repetition increases efficiency

a high degree of departmentalization and

differentiation of both horizontal and vertical
kind

BUREAUCRACY (Max Weber)

Bureaucracy was developed as an ideal type

that is perfectly rational and provides
maximum efficiency of operation

Hierarchy of Structure
Rules and Regulations
Impersonalization

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT (Fredrick

Taylor)

Develop clearly stated rules and principles to

replace the old rule of thumb methods.
Select the "best" person, and train and develop him
rather than choosing the untrained and any person.
Monitor their performance closely.
Divide tasks and responsibilities equally between
workers and managers.
Use the following scientific methods to improve
efficiency:

Economy of motion
Time Study
Industrial Engineering

Science of Shoveling
Piece-rate System

Social System
Human Relations School
Mary Follet
Chester Bernard
Hawthorne Studies by Elton Mayo,
Adhocracy by Henry Mintzberg, and
Theory Z by William Ouchi

Social System

(Theory Y McGregor)

People do not really dislike their work. The expenditure of

physical and mental effort is as natural as play or rest

Since they enjoy their work, they do not have to be

induced or forced to work.

They do not necessarily avoid responsibility but take it

more seriously. There is no need to breathe down on their
neck as they do not have to look for directions.

People are quite capable of innovation and responding to

the challenges of work.
KYOTO

Mary Parker Follet

people are important to the world of business

organizations should be based on collectivism

(group ethics) rather than individualism.

The managers task was to coordinate group

efforts.

Managers and workers should be like partners.

27

Organizational Behavior

Chester Barnard

organizations consist of people who have

interacting social relationships.
organizations can be successful if they cooperate
with various stakeholders such as employees,
customers, investors, suppliers, etc.
development of skills and motivation of employees
for the success of organization.

Adhocracy
teams of professionals getting together for a
specific task

It is a time-bound, task-bound system based on the need of the

assignment.
Decision-making processes are highly decentralized.
As it has professionals who are experts, it has a high degree of
horizontal differentiation.
there are no formal rules of conduct or operations.
rules of hierarchy do not apply.
the focus is on innovation under time and facilities constraints.
It is best suited to technology that is non-routine

Elton Mayo- Human Relations

Hawthorne Studies

Failure of
Rational
System

Social
System

Rational System Vs Social

System
RATIONAL SYSTEM
Prescription
Efficiency
Fear
Detached
Legalize
Concerned with
behaviour only
Parity and justice

SOCIAL SYSTEM
Description
Effectiveness
Encouragement
Involved
Built in the job
Concerned with
Attitude and Behaviour
Honour and Dignity

How are Paradigms created

Paradigms