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Microwave
Microwave is kind of electromagnetic wave. In a broad sense, the
microwave frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz. But in
microwave communication, the frequency range is generally from
3GHz to 30GHz.
According to the characteristics of microwave propagation,
microwave can be considered as plane wave.
The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal
components along the propagation direction. The electric field and
magnetic field components are vertical to the propagation direction.
Therefore, it is called transverse electromagnetic wave and TEM wave
for short
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Frequency
5.8GHz)
6 GHz (5.925-6.425GHz;6.430-7.110GHz)
7 GHz (7.125-7.425GHz;7.425-7.725GHz)
8 GHz (7.725-8.275GHz;8.275-8.5GHz;8.50-8.75GHz)
11/13 GHz (10.7-11.7GHz; 12.75-13.25GHz)
15/18 GHz (14.50-15.35GHz; 17.7-19.7GHz)
23GHz; 26GHz; 32GHz; 38GHz;
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Links Capacity
PDH
TDM:
75E1);
(4E1/8E1/16E1/32E1/48E1,Super PDH
Ethernet: (20M/40M/75M);
SDH
TDM: N STM-1 (1N14)
Ethernet: N 138M/150M/170M (1N14)
Split MW SDH (1+1 STM-13+1 STM-1)
Truck MW SDH (7+1 STM-1; 2*(7+1) STM-1)
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Radio Link
Hop
NO.1
Hop
NO.2
Hop
No.n
Or
TX/Rx
Terminal
Station
Cable
TX/Rx
TX/Rx
TX/Rx
Relay station
(Active)
Relay station
(Passive)
Radio Link
Terminal
Station
Cable
MW Basic Knowledge
Radio Wave Propagation
1
The radio link propagation follows the line of sight: it requires a perfect clearing
transmitting and receiving antennas. The propagation medium is made of the l
of the atmosphere (a few meters to a few hundred of meters above ground)
MW Basic Knowledge
Radio Wave Propagation
2
Atmosphere influence
Refraction
n2
Diffusion
Diffusion
volume
i.2
Rain
i.1
n1
n1
500km
Almost horizontal
MW Basic Knowledge
Radio Wave Propagation
3 influence
Ground
Ground
influence
Diffraction
Reflection
Diffraction on a ridge
Spherical diffraction
MW Basic Knowledge
Radio Wave
Propagation 4
N = 315 N units
Standard atmosphere N = - 39 N km
Ro
Real Earth
K = R/Ro = 4/3
R
Imaginary Earth
N may reach more extreme values than + 250 or - 350, during short percentage of time
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Transmission Characteristic
Loss Characteristic
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Transmission Characteristic
When there is loss in the link, not only with worse
SNR (Signal Noise Ratio), but also the deep loss will
break off the link; To get a better performance and
reliability in MW transmission, we need to consider
some methods to avoid the loss, such as Diversity.
Diversity has the following types: Space diversity,
Frequency diversity, Polarization diversity, Angle
diversity and Multiply diversity.
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Transmission Characteristic
Overcome Loss
1. Space Diversity
Signals have different multi-path effect over different paths
and thus have different fading characteristics. Accordingly, two
or more suites of antennas at different altitude levels to receive
the signals at the same frequency which are composed or
selected. This work mode is called space diversity. If there are n
pairs of antennas, it is called n-fold diversity.
Advantages: The frequency resources are saved;
Disadvantages: The equipments is complicated, as two or
more suites of antennas are required;
Antenna distance: As per experience, the distance between
the diversity antennas is 100 to 200 times the wavelength in the
frequency used frequency bands, and normally we choose 5/10
meters, also we can calculation by;
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Transmission Characteristic
Overcome Loss
1. Space Diversity
d= (100~200)= (100~200)/F
Where v=3*108
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Transmission Characteristic
Overcome Loss
2. Frequency Diversity
Signals at different frequencies have different fading
characteristics. Accordingly two and more microwave
frequencies with certain frequency spacing to transmit and
receive the same information which is then selected or
composed, to reduce the influence of fading. This work mode
called frequency diversity
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Transmission Characteristic
Overcome Loss
3. Polarization Diversity
When using polarization diversity, utilizing the same aerial
on different polarizations and scrambling polynomials have to
be different for both signals send the same signal.
4. Angle Diversity
The efficiency of angle diversity is based on the antennas
uncorrelated radiation pattern (resultant signals are different).
One antenna and two feeders
Two antennas (are located close to each other, space diversity
effect is achieved if antennas are far a way from each other)
and the other antenna has been tilted
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Transmission Characteristic
Advantage:
1. Can be rapidly installed;
2. Can use the existing network infrastructure repeatedly (digital radio uses the
infrastructure of the analogue radio)
3. Can cross complicated terrains (rivers, lakes and mountains)
4. Can use point-to-point radio transmission structure in the remote mountains
5. Can rapidly restore the communication after the natural disasters
6. Can protect hybrid multiple transmission media
Those advantages not only apply to the fixed nodes or temporary nodes
and feeder routes in the urban areas, but also apply to very long longdistance routes.
MW Basic Knowledge
Microwave Transmission
Characteristic
Disadvantage:
Microwave Equipment
Application
Application/Solution
Mobile Network
Application
Cellular Network
Application
Ethernet Application
Application/Solution
MUX
MUX
Satellite
SDH
.....
PDH
BTS
PDH
MSC
BTS
PDH
PDH
BTS
BTS
BTS
PSTN
MSC
BSC
PDH
BTS
PDH
SDH
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
SDH
BTS
BSC
BTS
PDH
PDH
SDH Microwave
PDH Microwave
BTS
BSC
BTS
PDH
BTS
BTS
SDH
SDH
SDH
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
PDH
BTS
Cellular Network
Application 1
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