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Filter
It Boost
Practical characteristics
Types of Filters
Analog Filters
Digital Filters.
But digital filters with dedicated hardware can perform one type of
filtering only hence not possible to modify them.
Digital Filter
It operates on the digital samples of
the signals
These kinds of filters are defined
in hardware orsoftware(for
components.
The frequency response is modified
of digital filters
In order to be stable and causal, the
Digital filters afford a wide variety of shapes for amplitude & phase respons
es.
The coefficients of digital filters can be changed at any time to obtain desir
ed response.
Let a1 =-1 and b0 = a0 =1 with k=1 with remaining coefficients as zeros, the above eq
uation becomes
y(n)=y(n-1)+x(n)
For stable analog filter the poles of H(s) must lies in left half of S-Plane.
Butterworth filter
| H ( j) |
| H ( j ) | 2
(1)
2N
2N
1
2
or
2N
...........
c ; H ( j ) 1
c ; H ( j) decreases rapidly
c ; the curve is passed through 0.707 which is a 3dB po int
H j
s
Put
j
......(2)
2N
1
H j
1 s
2 N
......(3)
1 s
2 N
0...........(4)
c 1 rad / sec
is given by
The poles which are present only in left half of s-plane can be calc
ulated using.
sk e jk .........(5)
where k
(2k 1)
; k 1,2,3,...N
2
2N
sk c .sk
Consider | H ( j) |2
1 2
p
2N
.........(1)
1
2
10 log | H ( j) | 10 log
1 2
2N
2
20 log | H ( j) |10 log(1) 10 log(1
p
20 log | H ( j) | 10 log(1
p
2
2N
2N
)........(2)
20 log | H ( j) | 10 log(1
2
10 log(1
2
2N
p
10 log(1 2 ) p
) p
log(1 2 ) 0.1 p
(1 ) 10
2
0.1 p
2 10
0.1 p
(10
0.1 p
1)1/ 2 .............(3)
2N
) p
2 s
20 log | H ( j) | 10 log(1
p
2 s
10 log(1
p
10 log(1 2
p
2 s
log(1
p
2 s
(1
p
2
p
2N
2N
) s
2N
) s
2N
) 0.1 s
2N
) 100.1 s
2N
100.1 s 1
100.1 s 1 100.1 s 1
0.1 p
2
10
1
2N
) s
100.1 s 1
................(4)
0.1 p
10
1
log
p
log
s
log
N log
log
N
100.1 s
0.1
10 p
s
log
p
100.1 s 1
0.1
10 p 1
100.1 s 1
0.1
10 p 1
1
1
.......................(5) this is the order of the filter
This equation does not results int eger therefore eqn(5) can be written as
0.1 s
10
1
log
100.1 p 1
N
s
log
p
100.1 s 1
10 0.1 p 1
log
p
log
so order of the Butterworth filter is
or
log
N
s
log
p
where 10 0.1 s 1, 10
0.1 p
Prove that
10
0.1 p
consider | H ( j) |2
Proof:-
1
2N
1
c
2N
1
c
2N
1
p
2N
1
p
2 10
2N
2N
2N
2N
2N
2N
0.1 p
10 0.1 p 1
1/ 2 N
............(1)
c
10 0.1 p 1 1/ 2 N
10
0.1 s
1
p
2N
1
2N
by comparing we get
2N
Consider
p
100.1 s 1
0.1 p
10
1
1/ 2 N
100.1 s 1
s p
10
0.1 p
100.1 s 1
s p
0.1 p
1
10
s c 10
c
10
s
0.1 s
0.1 p
1/ 2
c 10
0.1 p
1/ 2 N
10
0.1 p
1/ 2 N
10
1
0.1 p
1
10
1/ 2 N
..................(2)
1
from (1) and (2) we can write
10
0.1 p
1
2N
10
0.1 s
1/ 2 N
0.1 s
1/ 2 N
100.1 s 1
1
2N
H t (e
j d
) H d (e )
ht[n] hd[n]
M 1
n M
2
d
n M 1
2
d
ht nwhe
H (e
1, c ,
response
LP
The corresponding
impulse
0, c .
so the impulse response is doubly infinite,not absolutely summable,a
sin c
nd therefore unrealizable.
[ n]
LP
H t (e
1
)
2
H d (e ) (e
j ( )
) d
1,0 n M
[ n]
0, otherwise
2n
w[n] 0.54 0.46 cos(
), M n M
2M 1
2n
w[n] 0.42 0.5 cos(
)
2M 1
4n
0.08 cos(
), M n M
2M 1
c
g:
c
2M 1
(2)Kaiser
k 1
2M 1
2 M 1
(
n
/
M
)
I
0
window
, M n M
w[n]
I 0 ( )
2
max ( )
R
Least-p criterion
--to minimize the integral of pth power of th
( )
e weighted
error function p
K
i 1
j
jN / 2
j
The frequency
FI
H (e ) response
e
)
e ofH (alinear-phase
R filter is:
The weighted error function in this case inv
and is given
olves the
amplitude
response
( ) W ( ) H ( ) D( )
by
N
N
H ( ) h[
] 2 h
n 1
n cos(n)
2
N 2M
It can be rewrite using
the
notation
M
in the form
H ( ) a[k ] cos(k )
k 0
The amplitude
response
N 1 is :
H ( ) 2
n 1
1
n cos( (n ))
2
( 2 Min
1) / 2the form:
It can be rewrite
1
H ( )
b[k ] cos( (k 2 ))
k 0
( 2 M 1) / 2
cos( ) b[k ] cos(k )
2 k 0
Where
2M 1
2M 1
b[k ] 2h[
k ],1 k
2
2
H ( ) 2 h
n sin(n)
n 1 2
N /2
It can be rewrite in
the
form:
M
H ( ) c[ k ] sin(k )
k 0
M 1
sin c ( k ) cos(k )
k 0
N 1 is :
1
H ( ) 2 h[
n] sin( (n ))
2
2
n 1
It can be rewrite
in the form:
( 2 M 1) / 2
H ( )
k 1
1
d [k ] sin (k )
2
( 2 M 1) / 2
sin( ) d [k ] cos(k )
2 k 0
of linear-phase
can be expresse
H ( ) Q(FIR
) A(filters
)
d in the form
Then the we modify the form of the weigh
t approximation
( ) W ( )function
Q( ) A(as:
) D( )
D( )
W ( )Q( ) A( )
Q( w)
W ( ) W ( )Q( )
Using
the notions
D( ) D( ) / Q( )
and
we can rewrite it as:
( ) W ( ) A( ) D( )
a[k ]
Then we determine the coefficients
value
to minimize the peak absolute
o
f the weighted approximation
error over t
R
he specified frequency bands
e response
obtained by minimizing the pe
( )
L2
ak absolute valu
0 ,1 , L1
of
if and only if there exist at least
0
( ) ( )
extremal angular frequencies,
( )
0 i Lran
1
,in a closed subset Riof the frequency
0
ge
L 1
i 1
Gain,dB
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
\omega/pi\
0.7
0.8
0.9
Gain,dB
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
\omega/pi\
0.7
0.8
0.9
magnitude
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
/pi
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-20
-40
gain,dB
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
\omega/pi\
0.7
0.8
0.9