curve

When some external forces are applied to a

body . than the body offers internal resistance

to these force. the magnitude of the internal
resistance force is numerically equal to the
applied force.

stress=applied
load /area

Tensile stress
Compressive stress
Shear stress

Tensile strain
Compressive strain
Shear strain

tan@=dl/l

Methods of analysis
(Load-stress load-deflection relations)
Method of mechanics of
material
Equations of
equilibrium
Continuity
condition

/ = E

Method of continuum
mechanics & Elasticity
Equilibrium equation
for elemental volume

Energy methods

Differential
compatibility equation

Also called scalar

method.

Generalized Hookes
law

Plane cross
section of
member remain
plane after
deformation

Stress-Strain Relations
Stress components must be related
to the strain components.

Material Properties
Modulus of
Elasticity
Poissons Ratio
Shear Modulus
Percent
Elongation

Yield Strength
Ultimate tensile
Strength
Yield Point
Modulus of
Resilience

Engineering Stress and Strain

A0
L e

L
L

True Stress and Strain

P
t
At
Lt L e
dL t
d t
Lt
Lt

L e
t d t ln
ln 1
L

Structural steel

All dim. in mm

Structural steel

CE 334 Tension Test Results

Experimental Stress-Strain
plot for
1018 -steel
1018
Steel
10/26/90
70

S tr e s s ( k s i)

52

34

16

-2

-20
0

0.05

0.1

0.15
0.2
Strain (in/in)

0.25

0.3

Characteristic stressstrain curve for brittle

500
material

Cast Iron

250

125

0
0

0.002

0.004 0.006
0.008

Characteristic stressstrain curve for ductile

500
material

Strain
Gray Cast Iron

375
Stress (MPa)

Stress (MPa)

375

250

125

Aluminum

0
0

0.06

0.12
0.24 0.18
Strain

2024-T351 Aluminum Alloy

Stress-strain curve for compression

Cast Iron

Copper

Poissons ratio

Poissons ratio can be determined indirectly from

stress-strain curve by knowing the change in the
cross-sectional area of the specimen at a point
along the elastic region of the stress-strain curve.

lateral strain
=axial strain

Some interesting points about Poissons ratio

The Poisson ratio for most metals falls between
0.25 to 0.35.
Rubber has a Poisson ratio close to 0.5 and is
therefore almost incompressible!
Cork has a Poisson ratio close to zero. (This
makes cork function well as a bottle stopper, since
an axially-loaded cork will not swell laterally to
resist bottle insertion.)
The Poisson's ratio is bounded by two theoretical
limits: it must be greater than -1, and less than or
equal to 0.5,
(It is rare to encounter engineering materials with
negative Poisson ratios.)

Failure and limits on design:

(isotropic

material)

Stress For
based
criteria materials, only two
isotropic
Material
independent elastic constants
are
Failure Theories
Type
needed for describing the stressstrain relationship,
Ductile
Maximum
shear stress criterion, von Mises criterion
i.e., Hooke's Law
/ = E
Brittle

Maximum normal stress criterion, Mohr's theory

Non-Stress based criteria

Coulomb-Mohr criteria

Stiffness, vibrational characteristics,

fatigue resistance, creep resistance
etc.

For Ductile material

For Brittle material

Common failure modes of a structural member:

Elastic deflection
1. Failure by excessive deflection
Deflection by creep
2. Failure by general yielding
Sudden (brittle) fracture
3. Failure by fracture

Fracture of cracked member

Progressive fracture, Fatigue

4. Failure by instability (buckling)