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2.
type
Several theories are available however, only four important theories are
discussed here.
i. Maximum shear stress (Tresca) theory for ductile materials.
ii. Maximum principal stress (Rankine) theory.
iii. Maximum normal strain (Saint Venans) theory.
iv. Maximum shear strain (Distortion Energy) theory.
max
max
max
max min 1 2
2
2
(2)
max y
1 2 y
2
2
1 2 y
(3)
(4)
2 <y
(5)
1 - 2 = y
And in the second quadrant the relation is
1 - 2 = -y
2 y
1 2 y
1 y
1 2 y
1 y
2 y
Problem 01:The solid circular shaft in Fig. (a) is subject to belt pulls at each
end and is simply supported at the two bearings. The material has a
yield point of 36,000 Ib/in2 Determine the required diameter of the
shaft using the maximum shear stress theory together with a safety
factor of 3.
10
400 + 200 lb
200 + 500 lb
11
12
x
c
Mc
I
d
2
d 4
I
64
M B 600 6 3600 lb.in
Mc 700 6 4200 lb.in
x
x
4200 d
d 4
64
42800
d3
y 0
13
xy
Tr
xy
4800 d
d 4
yx
32
xy
24,480
d3
yx
T (500 200) 16
300 16 4800 lb.in
OR
xy
24,480
d3
xy
42,800
x
d3
(400 200) 24
200 24 4800 lb.in
14
As we know
1 2 2 max
x y
1 2 2
2
xy 2
And
y
F .O.S .
max
yield
2
F .O.S .
( 1 2 )
2
yield 36000
1 2
FOS
3
15
42800
24,480
1 2 2
3
3
2d
d
36,000
42800
24,480
2
3
3
3
2d
d
12,000
42800
24,480
3
3
2
2d
d
42800
24,480
36 10
3
3
2d
d
d 1.76' '
16
Problem 02
The state of plane stress shown occurs at a critical point of a steel
machine component. As a result of several tensile tests, it has been found
that the tensile yield strength is y = 250 MPa for the grade of steel used.
Determine the factor of safety with respect to yield, using (a) the
maximum-shearing-stress criterion, and (b) the maximum-distortionenergy criterion.
17
18
SOLUTION
Mohr's Circle. We construct Mohr's circle for the given state of stress
and find
ave OC 12 ( x y ) 12 (80 40) 20 MPa
a OC CA 20 65 85 MPa
b OC CA 20 65 45MPa
a. Maximum-Shearing-Stress Criterion. Since for the grade of steel used
the tensile strength is ay = 250 MPa, the corresponding shearing stress at
yield is
19
For m 65 MPa
Y 125 MPa
F .S
m 65 MPa
F .S 19.2
20
Y
a b
F .S
2
a
2
b
250
85 85 45 45
F .S
2
250
114 .3
F .S
F .S 2.19
21
Comment. For a ductile material with y = 250 MPa, we have drawn the
hexagon associated with the maximum-shearing-stress criterion and the
ellipse associated with the maximum-distortion-energy criterion. The
given state of plane stress is represented by point H of coordinates a =
85 MPa and b = -45 MPa. We note that the straight line drawn through
points O and H intersects the hexagon at point T and the ellipse at point
M. For each criterion, the value obtained for F.S. can be verified by
measuring the line segments indicated and computing their ratios:
OT
a F .S
19.2
OH
OM
b F .S
2.19
OH
22
23
Example 10-12
The solid shaft shown in Fig. 10-41a has a radius of 0.5 in. and is made
of steel having a yield stress of y = 36 ksi. Determine if the loadings
cause the shaft to fail according to the maximum-shear-stress theory
and the maximum-distortion-energy theory.
Solution
The state of stress in the shaft is caused by both the axial force and the
torque. Since maximum shear stress caused by the torque occurs in the
material at the outer surface, we have
24
P
15 kip
x
19.10 ksi
2
A (0.5 in.)
xy
16.55 ksi
4
J
(0.5 in.) / 2
1, 2
x y
x y
xy 2
2
2
1, 2
19.10 0
19.10 0
2
(
16
.
55
)
2
2
25
= -9.55 19.11
CTI = 9.56 ksi
CT2 = -28.66 ksi
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory. Since the principal stresses have
opposite signs, then from Sec. 9.5, the absolute maximum shear stress
will occur in the plane, and therefore, applying the second of Eq. 10-27,
we have
1 2 Y
?
9.56 28.66 36
38.2 36
26
Thus, shear failure of the material will occur according to this theory.
Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory. Applying Eq. 10-30, we have
( 12 1 2 22 ) y
9.56
1187 1296
1 ult
(1)
2 ult
( 2)
28
ult
Problem
A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel is subject to an internal
pressure of 600 lb/in2. the mean radius of the cylinder is 15in. If the
material ha a yield point of 39,000lb/in2 and a safety of 3 is employed,
30
determine the required wall thickness using (a) the maximum normal
stress theory, and (b) the Huber-von Mises-Hencky theory.
P = 600psi.
r = 15"
y = 39000psi
F.O.S = 3
t=?
According to
Pr
c
t
where
31
t
t
For lengitudinal stress
Pr
l
2t
600 15" 4500
c
2t
t
By comparing 1 = c.
Thus, According to the normal stress theory, maximum Principal stress
should be equal to yield stress/FOS i.e.
|1| ult
|2| ult
32
As y = 39000psi
39000 9000
3
t
13000
9000
t
t 0.69
Ans.
Problem 02:The solid circular shaft in Fig. 18-12(a) is subject to belt pulls at
each end and is simply supported at the two bearings. The material has
a yield point of 36,000 Ib/in2 Determine the required diameter of the
shaft using the maximum normal stress theory together with a safety
factor of 3.
33
400 + 200 lb
200 + 500 lb
34
35
x
c
Mc
I
d
2
d 4
I
64
M B 600 6 3600 lb.in
Mc 700 6 4200 lb.in
x
x
4200 d
d 4
64
42800
d3
y 0
36
xy
Tr
xy
4800 d
d 4
yx
32
xy
24,480
d3
yx
T (500 200) 16
300 16 4800 lb.in
OR
xy
24,480
d3
xy
42,800
x
d3
(400 200) 24
200 24 4800 lb.in
37
x y
x y
xy 2
1
2
2
x y
x y
xy 2
2
2
2
42800
42800
24446.20
1
3
3
3
2d
d
2d
ult 1
2
36000 42800
42800
24446.20
3
3
3
3
2d
d
2d
2
38
42800
42800
24446.20
12000
3
3
3
2d
d
2d
6
6
6
915
.
92
10
457
.
96
10
597
.
62
10
144 106
3
6
2d
d
d6
9
1
.
514
10
144 106
d6
d 6 10.51
d 1.48"
39
Mohrs Criterion:In some material such as cast iron, have much greater strength
in compression than tension so Mohr proposed that is 1st and third
quadrant of a failure brokes, a maximum principal stress theory was
appropriate based on the ultimate strength of materials in tension or
compression. Therefore in 2nd and 4th quad, where the maximum shear
stress theory should apply.
Pure shear is one in which x and y are equal but of opposite sense.
40
ult c
Smaller tension strength
Largest compressive strength
41
tension
compression
42
43
ult t 360 MN / m 2
ult c 1414 106 MN / m 2
As indicated that
ult ( t )
1
3
360
120 MN / m 2
3
2 ?
As per Mohr' s criterion
1 and third quadrant Normal stress
st
44
ult 1
(a)
ult 2
(b)
As ult t 360 MN / m 2
ult c 414 MN / m 2
Maximum principal stress = 360/3 = 120 MN/m2 (tension). According
to Mohr's theory, in the second and fourth quadrant
1 120 MN / m 2
From (a) and (b)
45
1
1
ult t
and
2
1
ult c
1
2
1
ult t ult c
Therefore
120
2
1 and 2 940 MN / m 2
360 1410
The Mohr's stress circle construction for the second part of this problem
is shown in Fig. 13.7. If the maximum shear stress is 390 MN/m2, a
circle is drawn of radius 390 units to touch the two envelope lines. The
principal stresses can then be read off as +200 MN/m2 and -580
MN/m2
46
max 390
ult c
ult t
ult c 1410
ult t 360
47
Fig 13.7
48
ult t 1 2
and in fourth quad
ult c 1 2
Thus
380 1 2
1414 1 2
Also max
1 2
2R 1 2
49
Example 10-11
The solid cast-iron shaft shown in Fig. 10-40a is subjected to a torque
of T = 400 Ib . ft. Determine its smallest radius so that it does not fail
according to the maximum-normal-stress theory. A specimen of cast
iron, tested in tension, has an ultimate stress of (ult)t = 20 ksi.
Solution
The maximum or critical stress occurs at a point located on the surface
of the shaft. Assuming the shaft to have a radius r, the shear stress is
max
4
J
( / 2)r
r3
50
51
52
Mohr's circle for this state of stress (pure shear) is shown in Fig. 1040b. Since R = max, then
1 2 max
3055.8lb.in.
r3
3055.8lb.in.
2
20
,
000
lb
/
in
r3
Thus, the smallest radius of the shaft is determined from
3055.8lb.in.
2
20
,
000
lb
/
in
r3
r 0.535 in.
Ans.
53
Example 10-12
The solid shaft shown in Fig. 10-41a has a radius of 0.5 in. and is made
of steel having a yield stress of y = 36 ksi. Determine if the loadings
cause the shaft to fail according to the maximum-shear-stress theory
and the maximum-distortion-energy theory.
Solution
The state of stress in the shaft is caused by both the axial force and the
torque. Since maximum shear stress caused by the torque occurs in the
material at the outer surface, we have
54
P
15 kip
x
19.10 ksi
2
A (0.5 in.)
xy
16.55 ksi
4
J
(0.5 in.) / 2
1, 2
x y
x y
xy 2
2
2
1, 2
19.10 0
19.10 0
2
(
16
.
55
)
2
2
55
= -9.55 19.11
CTI = 9.56 ksi
CT2 = -28.66 ksi
Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory. Since the principal stresses have
opposite signs, then from Sec. 9.5, the absolute maximum shear stress
will occur in the plane, and therefore, applying the second of Eq. 10-27,
we have
1 2 Y
?
9.56 28.66 36
38.2 36
56
Thus, shear failure of the material will occur according to this theory.
Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory. Applying Eq. 10-30, we have
( 12 1 2 22 ) y
9.56
1187 1296
58
max 1 y
(1)
max 2 y
x= x / E
x=
y= -x / E
y=
z= -x / E
z=
y / E
y / E
-y / E
z
x=
y=
z=
z / E
-z / E
z / E
59
x / E
-y / E
x / E
- / E (y + z)
y / E
-x / E
y / E
- / E (x + z)
z / E
-y / E
z / E
- / E (x + y)
Thus
-z / E
-z / E
(2)
-x / E
1 E ( 2 3 )
E
2
2
( 1 3 )
E
E
3
3
( 2 1 )
E
(3)
60
Also
1 2
1
E
E
( For 2 d )
( 4)
Equating 1 and 4
y 1
y 1 2
E
E
E
and 2
2 1
E
E
Then
y 1 2
(5)
y 2 1
( 6)
61
The yield surface ABCD is the straight under biaxial tension or biaxial
compression Individual principal stresses greater than y can occur
without causing yielding.
62
U
2
(1)
64
1 u ( 2 3 )
1
E
E
(2)
2 u ( 1 3 )
2
E
E
(3)
3 u ( 1 2 )
3
E
E
(4)
65
1
1
1
U , , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3
2
2
2
(5)
2
3
2
E 2 E
E 2 E
E
E
E
E
E
1
U
12 22 33 2 ( 1 2 1 3 2 3 )
2E
(6)
66
Change in volume,
(b)
Similarly the total strain energy can be broken in to two parts. One part
representing the energy needed to cause volume change of the element
with no change in shape (Uv) and the other part representing the energy
needed to distort the element (Ud).
U Uv Ud
(7 )
The principal stresses 1,2 and 3 of Fig. (01) can be resolved in to two
states of stresses in Fig. (02) b & c. the state of stress shown in Fig. b
represents a hydrostatic stress condition in which all these principal
stress are equal to the quantity .
67
1
1
(a)
3-
(b)
2-
1-
(c)
68
(9)
69
E 1 2 3 d 1 2 3
2 3 1
3 1 2 0
1 2 3 2
2 3 1 2
3 1 2 2
1 2 3 2 2 3 1 2
3 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 6
1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 6
70
U Uv Ud
( 4)
max
1 2 3
(5)
71
E 3 1 2 2
(6)
Which eh reduces to
(1 2 ) 1 2 3 3 0
1 2 3 / 3
(5)
72
The normal strains corresponding to these stresses are found from three
dimension from of Hooks law given by the following equation.
(1 2 )
(7 )
1 2 3 ,
1 2 3
1
1
1
3
Uv . . . .
2
2
2
2
(8)
73
3 ( 1 2 3 ) (1 2u ) ( 1 2 3 )
Uv .
2
3
E
3
(5)
(1 2u )
Uv
( 1 2 3 ) 2
6E
(9)
Ud
1 2 3 2u 1 2 1 3 2 3
1 2 3
6E
2E
(10)
1
2
Ud
3( 12 22 32 ) 6u ( 1 2 1 3 2 3 ) 1 2u 1 2 743
6E
1 u 2
Ud
1 2 1 2 22 22 2 2 3 32 32 2 3 1 12
6E
1 u
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2
Ud
6E
(12)
(13)
(14)
1 u 2
Ud
1
3E
(15)
1 u 2
Ud
1 2 1 2 22
3E
For uniaxial stress system
75
For Distortion theory the failure occurs when distortion energy of the
member however equal to the strain energy of distortion at failure
(yielding) in uniaxial torsion (or equilibrium). So substituting 1=y in
equ (15)
1 u
Ud
2 y2
6E
(16)
1 u
1 u
2
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2
(2 y )
6E
6E
2 1 2 2 3 3 1
2
y
(17)
76
y2 12 2 1 2 22
(18)
77