What is Steel?

Submitted to:
Ar. Yash Pratap Singh Shekhawat

Submitted by:
Nafisa M K
Sneha Sanyal
Rashmi Rathore
B.Arch. 2nd Yr 4th Sem
SPA, PU.

Steel
Steels are a large family of metals. All of them are alloys in which

iron is mixed with carbon and other elements.

Steels are described as mild, medium- or high-carbon steels
according to the percentage of carbon they contain, although this is
never greater than about 1.5%.
Adding metals such as nickel, chromium, and tungsten to iron
produces a wide range of alloy steels, including stainless
steel and high speed steels.
Higher amounts of carbon make the steel more fluid and castable,
and lower amounts make it purer for specialized purposes such as
electrical steel and stainless steel.

Types of Steel

Percentage of Carbon

Mild Steel

Upto 0.25%

Medium Carbon Steel

0.25% to 0.45%

High Carbon Steel

0.45% to 1.50%

widely used in construction and other applications because of their

high tensile strengths and low costs.

Uses of Steel
Name of Steel

Carbon Content

Uses

Mild Steel

Upto 0.10%

Motor body, steel metal, tin

plate, etc.

Medium Carbon Steel

Upto 0.25%

Boiler plates, structural steel, etc.

Rails, tyres, etc.

Upto 0.45%
Upto 0.60%
High Carbon Steel or Hard Steel

Hammers, large stamping &

pressing dies, etc.

Upto 0.75%

Sledge hammers, springs,

stamping dies, etc.

Upto 0.90%

Miners drills, smiths tools, stone

masons tools, etc.

Upto 1.00%

Chisels, hammers, saws, wood

working tools, etc.

Upto 1.10%

Axes, cutlery, drills, knives, picks,

punches, etc.

Physical Properties of steel

Lustre.
Conductivity.
Malleability.
Ductility.
Strength.
Durability.
Alloying.
Coating.

Factors affecting Physical Properties of Steel

Carbon Content : Carbon always assist in increasing the hardness

and strength of steel, it decreases the ductility of steel.

Presence of Impurities : Silicon (<0.20%), sulphur (0.02 to 0.10%),

phosphorus (<0.12%) and manganese( 0.30 to 1.00%).

Heat treatment process

Chemical Properties of Steel

Phase Transformation Temperatures.
Density.
Specific Gravity.
Thermal Conductivity.
Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.
Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity.
Magnetic Permeability.

Magnetic properties of Steel

Carbon : As low as possible and should not exceed 0.10%.
Silicon: Increase of electrical losses hence, it is highly undesirable.
Sulphur and Phosphorus: If it exceed above 0.30% the magnetic

properties of steel are greatly affected.

Manganese: If it exceed above 0.30%. It proves to be injurious to the

magnetic properties of steel.

Defects in Steel
Cavities or Blow holes
Cold shortness : Defect is due to the presence exceed amount of

phosphorus.
Red shortness: Defect is due to the presence exceed amount of sulphur.
Segregation

Examples of iron and steel structures

Eiffle tower in Paris by Gustave Eiffle.
The crystal power in London by Joseph Paxton.
Chicago skyscraper by Sullivan.
Lib of St. Genevieve by Henry Labrouste.
The gallery of Machine by Dutert.

Bibliography
Wikipedia.
Google.
S. C. Rangwala.
B.C. Punamiya

THANK YOU