Chapter 5 Review: Gases

Section 1: Pressure

Pressure: the pressing of the particles of a gas against its surroundings

Atmospheric pressure is the result of the masses of the gases in Earths
atmosphere being pulled to Earth due to gravity
A barometer is a device that measures atmospheric pressure
o A glass tube filled with mercury is flipped into a container of mercury
o Atmospheric pressure measured in height of Hg in mm
o Averages 760 mmHg at sea level
o Higher in atmosphere = lower height of Hg
Since Pressure is the force per unit area:
o Pressure = force/area
o Newtons per square meter = pascal (Pa)

Section 1: Pressure

Unit Conversions
o X mm Hg = X torr
o 760 torr = 1 atm
o 1 atm = 101,325 Pa
The pressure of a gas is measure to be 49 torr. Convert this to both
atmospheres and pascals.

Section 2: Gas Laws

Boyles Law
Boyle studied relationship between pressure and volume using a J
shaped tube closed at one end.
As volume decreases, pressure increases [inverse relationship]
PV = k (where k is a constant for a given sample of air at a given temp.)
so: P1V1 = P2V2
Used for predicting new volume of gas after changing pressure or new
pressure of gas after changing volume
If the pressure of a 1.53 L sample of gaseous SO2 is changed from
5.6x103 Pa to 1.5x104 Pa, what will be the new volume of the gas?
Does the answer make sense?

Section 2: Gas Laws

The temperature and the amount of mole of gas are remained constant
Gases that strictly obey Boyles Law are called ideal gases, but the law is
only precise at low pressures. Many deviations occur at higher pressure
readings.
If you were to plot a P vs. V graph and then a V vs 1/P graph, you would
have a hyperbola.

Section 2: Gas Laws

Charless Law
o Charles found that volume of gas increases as temperature increases
at constant pressure [direct relationship]
o The volume of all gases at -273oC would theoretically be 0
o K = oC + 273
o At 0 Kelvin, the volumes of the gases extrapolate to zero, so anything
less than that and the volume would be negative (not possible)
o 0 K is called absolute zero
o V = bT where T is in Kelvins and b is a proportionality constant
o So V/T = b or V1/T1,= V2/T2
o A sample of a gas at 15oC has a volume of 2.58L. What volume will
this gas occupy at 38oC (assuming constant pressure)?

Section 2: Gas Laws

Plot V vs. T and you will have a linear line with a positive slope.

Section 2: Gas Laws

Avogadros Law
o The same volumes of gas at the same pressure and temperature have
the same number of particles.
o V = an where V is volume of gas, n is the number of moles of gas
particles and a is a proportionality constant
o Number of particles increases, volume increases [directly proportional]
o V/n = a so V1/n1 = V2/n2
o An 11.2 L sample of gas contains 0.50 mol N2. At the same temp. and
pressure, how many moles of gas would there be in a 20. L sample?

Section 2: Gas Laws

Gay Lussacs Law
Gay Lussac studied gases with constant volume and constant amount of
moles and found that Pressure is directly related to Kelvin T.
P = bT where T is in Kelvins and b is a proportionality constant
So P/T = b or P1/T1,= P2/T2
Plot P vs T and you will get a linear line with a positive slope
note that all of these laws hold true for ideal gases of which there are none
so there are only deviations, but we can come close.
A 20 L cylinder containing 6 atm of gas at 27 C. What would the pressure
of the gas be if the gas was heated to 77 C?

Section 3: Ideal Gas Law

Boyles Law:
V = k/P
Charless Law:
V = bT
Avogadros Law: V = an
These relationships can be combined to form the equation:
o V = R (Tn / P) where R is the combined proportionality constant called
the universal gas constant
o When pressure is in atm and volume is in L, R = 0.08206 L*atm / K*mol
o More familiar form of ideal gas law: PV = nRT
A gas that behaves exactly as the equation is said to behave ideally
The ideal gas law expresses the behavior the real gases approach at low
temperatures and high pressures
So and ideal gas is a hypothetical substance, however most gases behave
the equation close enough at pressures below 1 atm that errors are minimal

Section 3: Ideal Gas Law

1. A sample of hydrogen (H2) gas has a volume of 8.56 L at a temperature of
0oC and a pressure of 1.5 atm. Calculate the moles of H2 molecules present
in this gas sample.

2. A sample of diborane gas (B2H6) has a pressure of 345 torr at a temperature

of -15oC and a volume of 3.48 L. If conditions are changed so that the
temperature is 36oC and the pressure is 468 torr, what will be the volume of
the sample?

Section 4: Gas Stoichiometry

If we have one mole of an ideal gas at STP (0o Celsius and 1 atm) than the
volume found using the ideal gas law is

((1.000mol) x (.08026 L x atm/K x mol) x (273.2 K)/1.000 atm) = 22.42

This volume is the molar volume of an ideal gas. Of course, no gas actually
has a molar volume of 22.42, but there are close deviations.

A sample of methane gas having a volume of 2.80 L at 25o Celsius and

1.65 atm is mixed with a sample of oxygen gas having a volume of 35.0 L
31.0o Celsius and 1.25 atm. The mixture is then combusted. Calculate the
volume of carbon dioxide formed at a pressure of 2.50 atm and a
temperature of 125o Celsius.

Section 4: Gas Stoichiometry

Molar mass of gas
From the measured density, you can find the molar mass of gas using the
ideal gas equation.
n= (grams gas/molar mass) = m/molar mass

substitute into ideal gas equation(m/molar mass)RT/V = mRT/V(molar mass)

since mass/volume = density
P= (dRT)/molar mass
The density of a gas was measured at 1.50 stm and 27oC and found to be
1.95 g/L. Calculate the molar mass of the gas.

Section 5: Law of Partial Pressures

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures, as summarized by dalton:

o For a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the
sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone
o PTOTAL = P1 + P2 + P3 + ..... where the subscripts represent individual
gases (gas 1, gas 2 and so on)
o The symbols P1, P2, P3, and so on represent each partial pressure, or the
pressure the individual gas would exert on the container if it were alone.
Assuming each gas behaves ideally, the partial pressure of each gas can be
calculated using the ideal gas law eaquation:
o P1 = (n1RT) / V
P2 = (n2RT) / V
P3 = (n3RT) / V
.
So:
o PTOTAL=P1+P2+P3+...= (n1RT)/V + (n2RT)/V + (n3RT)/V + ... = (n1+n2+n3+...)

Section 5: Law of Partial

Pressures

Assuming each gas behaves ideally, the partial pressure of each gas can
be calculated using the ideal gas law equation:
o P1 = (n1RT) / V
P2 = (n2RT) / V
P3 = (n3RT) / V
.
So:
o PTOTAL= P1 +P2 +P3 + =
o PTOTAL= (n1RT)/V + (n2RT)/V + (n3RT)/V + ... =
o PTOTAL= (n1+n2+n3+...)(RT/V) =

o PTOTAL= nTOTAL(RT/V) Where nTOTAL is the sum of the numbers of

moles of the different gases
Its the number of moles present thats important, not the volume of the gas
particles nor the forces among the particles (for ideal gases).

Section 5: Law of Partial

Pressures
Consider the three flasks in the diagram below. Assuming the connecting
tubes have negligible volume, what is the partial pressure of each gas and
the total pressure when all the stopcocks are opened?
First flask: He --- 200. torr, 1.00L
Second flask: Ne --- 0.400 atm, 1.00L
Third flask: Ar --- 24.0 kPa, 2.00 L

Section 6: Kinetic Molecular Theory of

Gases
Ideal gases:
Assume that there are no particle interactions- elastic collisions
They are infinitely small- point mass. Gases molecules have volume
though.
Particles are in constant motion. Increased temperature will increase
frequency and strength of collision between wall and particles- increased
pressure.
Average kinetic energy of gas particles is assumed to be directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas.
Van der waals equation

Section 7: Effusion and

Diffusion

Effusion is the term used to describe the rate at which a gas can be
transferred through a tiny opening into an evacuated chamber.
Thomas Grahams Law
(ma/mb)1/2= Vb/Va
The rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of
its particles.
The relative rates of effusion of two gases held at the same pressure and
temperature are given by the inverse ratio of the square roots of the
masses of the particles.
A 3.00 L sample of helium was placed in container fitted with a porous
membrane. Half of the helium effused through the membrane in 25 hours.
A 3.00 L sample of oxygen was placed in an identical container. How many
hours will it take for half of the oxygen to effuse through the membrane?

Section 7: Effusion and

Diffusion

Diffusion is the rate of the mixing of gases

Because so many collisions with oxygen and nitrogen occur as molecules
try to diffuse, diffusion is complicated to describe theoretically.

Section 8: Real Gases

No gas follows the ideal gas law exactly, however many gases at low pressure
and high temperature come close.
To correct the assumptions made by the Kinetic Molecular Theory, Johannes
van der Waals modified the ideal gas law for real gases :
P=((nRT)/(V-nb)) - a(n/V)2
or
(P + a(n/V)2)x (V-nb) = nRT
This takes into account molecular size(b) and molecular interaction forces(a).
b will be greater for large particles and a is higher for polar molecules.