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Introduction
Capacitors
Series and Parallel Capacitors
Inductors
Series and Parallel Inductors
Introduction
Capacitors
08drA
C
0
.54
1012(F
/m
)
C
A
Variable capacitors
10
q
C
v
Charge in Capacitors
Linear
Nonlinear
11
12
dq
dv
q Cv, i
C
dt
dt
13
Physical Meaning
dv
iC
dt
+
v
i
C
14
Abrupt change
Capacitors and Inductors
15
dv
iC
dt
1 t
v(t ) idt
C
1 t
v(t ) idt v(to)
C to
v() 0
v(to) q(to) / C
+
v
i
C
16
1
w(t ) Cv 2 (t )
2
q 2 (t )
w(t )
2C
Capacitors and Inductors
( v( ) 0)
+
v
v (t )
v ( )
i
C
17
18
Example 1
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF
capacitor with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
19
Example 1
Solution:
(a) Since q Cv,
q 3 10
12
20 60pC
20
Example 2
The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is
v(t ) 10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
By definition, the current is
dv
6 d
iC
5 10
(10 cos 6000t )
dt
dt
5 10 6 6000 10 sin 6000t 0.3 sin 6000t A
21
Example 3
Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the
current through it is
i (t ) 6e
3000t
mA
3
t
1
3000 t
3 10 3000t t
3
v
6
e
dt 10
e
6 0
0
2 10
3000
3000t
(1 e
)V
Capacitors and Inductors
22
Example 4
Determine the current through a 200- F
capacitor whose voltage is shown in the figure.
23
Example 4
Solution:
The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as
50t V
0 t 1
100 50t V
1 t 3
v(t )
200 50t V
3t 4
0 otherwise
24
Example 4
Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the
derivative of to obtain
i (t ) 200 10
50
0 t 1 10mA
0 t 1
50
1 t 3 10mA
1 t 3
50
3t 4
10mA
3t 4
0 otherwise
0 otherwise
25
Example 4
26
Example 5
Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor
under dc condition.
27
Example 5
Solution:
Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor
with an open circuit. By current division,
3
i
(6mA) 2mA
3 2 4
v1 2000 i 4 V, v 2 4000i 8 V
1
1
2
3
2
w1 C1v1 (2 10 )(4) 16mJ
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
w2 C2 v2 (4 10 )(8) 128mJ
2
2
Capacitors and Inductors
28
C
C
.C
eq
1
23
N
Capacitors and Inductors
29
C
C
.C
eq
1
23
N
CK
Ceq
dt
k 1 dt
30
1
1
1
1
1
...
Ceq C1 C2 C3
CN
31
Series Capacitors
v(t ) v1 (t ) v2 (t ) ... v N (t )
1
Ceq
1
1
1
1 t
id ( C1 C2 C3 ... C N )id
t
q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
q (t )
Ceq
C1
C2
CN
32
Summary
These results enable us to look the capacitor in
this way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the
resistance. The equivalent capacitor of
capacitors connected in parallel or series can
be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y connection and its transformation
33
Example 6
Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit shown
34
Example 6
Solution:
20 F and 5 F capacitors are in series:
20 5
4 F
20 5
4 F capacitor is in parallel with the 6 F
and 20 F capacitors:
4 6 20 30 F
30 F capacitor is in series with
the 60 F capacitor.
30 60
Ceq
F 20 F
30 60
Capacitors and Inductors
35
Example 7
For the circuit shown, find the voltage across
each capacitor.
36
Example 7
37
Example 7
Solution:
Two parallel capacitors:
Ceq
Total charge
1 1 1
60 30 20
mF 10mF
q Ceq v 10 10 30 0.3 C
This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF
capacitors, because they are in series with the 30-v
source. ( A crude way to see this is to imagine that
charge acts like current, since i = dq/dt)
Capacitors and Inductors
38
Example 7
q
0 .3
v1
15 V,
3
C1 20 10
q
0.3
v2
10 V
3
C2 30 10
Having determined v1 and v2, we now use KVL to
determine v3 by
Therefore,
v3 30 v1 v2 5V
q
0 .3
v3
5V
3
60mF 60 10
39
40
Inductors
A
L
l
41
2
N
A
L
l
r
0
7
4
1
0
H
/m
)
0(
N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross sectional area.
: permeability of the core
Capacitors and Inductors
42
(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core
43
Li
Flux in Inductors
Linear
Nonlinear
44
45
ivtLt
d
+
v
46
ivtLt
d
Physical Meaning
47
48
1
di vdt
L
1 t
i v (t )dt
L
1 t
i v(t )dt i (to )
L to
+
v
L
-
49
1
2
w
(t)2L
i(t)
di
P vi L i
dt
v
di
L
w pdt L idt
dt
i (t )
1 2
1 2
L i ( ) i di Li (t ) Li () i () 0,
2
2
t
50
51
Example 8
The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) =
10te-5t A. Find the voltage across the inductor
and the energy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v L and L 0.1H,
dt
d
v 0.1 (10te 5t ) e 5t t (5)e 5t e 5t (1 5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 2 1
w Li (0.1)100t 2 e 10t 5t 2 e 10t J
2
2
Capacitors and Inductors
52
Example 9
Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the
voltage across it is
2
30t , t 0
v(t )
t0
0,
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s.
Assume i(0)=0.
1 t
Solution:
Since i t v(t )dt i (t0 ) and L 5H.
L
3
t
1
t
2
i 0 30t dt 0 6 2t 3 A
5
3
0
53
Example 9
The power p vi 60t 5 , and the energy stored is then
6
t 5
w pdt 0 60t dt 60
156.25 kJ
60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
Eq.(6.13), by writing
1 2
1
w(5) w(0) Li (5) Li (0)
2
2
1
3 2
(5)(2 5 ) 0 156.25 kJ
2
as obtained before.
5
54
Example 10
Consider the circuit
shown. Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored
in the capacitor and
inductor.
55
Example 10
Solution:
(a ) Under dc condition : capacitor open circuit
inductor short circuit
12
i iL
2 A, vc 5i 10 V
1 5
(b)
1
1
2
wc Cvc (1)(10 ) 50J,
2
2
1 2 1
wL Li (2)(2 2 ) 4J
2
2
56
L
L
.L
eq
1
23
N
Inductors in Series
57
1L
1
1
eq1L
2L
N
Inductors in Parallel
58
vL
v
.
v
1
23
N
L
.L
eq
1
23
N
di
di
di
di
v L1 L2 L3 ... LN
dt
dt
dt
dt
di
( L1 L2 L3 ... LN )
dt
N
di
di
LK
Leq
dt
K 1 dt
Capacitors and Inductors
59
Parallel Inductors
Using KCL, i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
But ik 1 tt vdt ik (t0 )
1
i
Lk
Lk
1
1 t
vdt i1 (t0 ) t vdt is (t0 ) ...
LN
L2
0
1 1
1
...
LN
L1 L2
1
k 1 Lk
N
t vdt iN (t0 )
0
1 t
vdt ik (t0 )
vdt i (t0 )
t
Leq
k 1
N
60
61
62
Example 11
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit
shown.
63
Example 11
Solution:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H
42H
7 42
6H
Parallel :
7 42
Leq 4 6 8 18H
64
Practice Problem 11
65
Example 12
For the circuit in the figure, i (t ) 4(2 e 10t )mA.
If i2 (0) 1 mA, find : (a) i (0)
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )
1
66
Example 12
Solution:
10 t
(a ) i (t ) 4(2 e )mA i (0) 4(2 1) 4mA.
i1 (0) i (0) i2 (0) 4 (1) 5mA
(b) The equivalent inductance is
Leq 2 4 || 12 2 3 5H
di
10 t
10 t
v(t ) Leq 5(4)(1)(10)e mV 200e mV
dt
di
10 t
10 t
v1 (t ) 2 2(4)(10)e mV 80e mV
dt
10 t
v2 (t ) v(t ) v1(t ) 120e mV
Capacitors and Inductors
67
Example 12
1 t
(c) i 0 v(t ) dt i (0)
L
1 t
120 t 10t
i1 (t ) 0 v2 dt i1 (0)
e
dt
5
mA
4
4 0
10 t t
3e
5 mA 3e 10t 3 5 8 3e 10t mA
0
1 t
120 t 10t
i2 (t ) 0 v2 dt i2 (0)
e dt 1mA
0
12
12
10 t t
e
1mA e 10t 1 1 e 10t mA
0
Note that i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i (t )
Capacitors and Inductors
68