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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

INTERNAL

FORMAL
UPWARD
DOWNWARD
VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL

INFORMAL

EXTERNAL

INWARD

OUTWARD

GRAPEVINE

INTERNAL COMMUNICATION:
Receiving

and sending message within an organization

Keeps

employees well informed

Builds

a sense of trust

Leads

to effective performance,

For example: communication inside the college

EXTERNAL COMMUNICATON:
Receiving

and sending messages from and

outside the organization

Helps

company to convey to other

organizations of its status

Helps

in building public relations

Means

of being competitive and quality

oriented.
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UPWARD COMMUNICATION:
MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPAL
VICE PRINCIPAL
LECTURERS
CLERKS
PEONS
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UPWARD COMMUNICATION(CONTD..)
Importance

Provides feedback to the superiors

Makes the introduction to the new scheme
easier
Releases the pent up emotions of the staff
Superiors get useful suggestions
Promotes harmony
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UPWARD COMMUNICATION(CONTD..)

Channels

Superiors keep an open door

Complaints and suggestion boxes
Social gathering
Direct correspondence
Reports and counseling
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UPWARD COMMUNICATION(CONTD..)
Limitations

Employees are reluctant to express their views

Fear of their being underestimated
Great possibility of distortion
Bypassed superiors feel insulted

UPWARD COMMUNICATION(CONTD..)
To make it effective
Superiors

should take initiative to get

close to the subordinate staff

Keep

the line of communication short

Prompt

redressal of legitimate grievances

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DOWNWARD
COMMUNICATION:
MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPAL
VICE PRINCIPAL
LECTURERS
CLERKS
PEONS
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DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
_

Flows from superior to subordinate staff

Transforms information to lower level of

management

Orders, individual instructions, circulars,

bulletins, manuals, etc.

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DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
OBJECTIVES
To give directives about some job
To explain

policies and procedures

To convey

assessment of performance

To explain

the rationale of the job

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DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
Limitations
under-communication or over-communication
In

case of long communication there may be:delay

loss of information
distortion
resentment by subordinate staff
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DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
To make it effective

Managers should be adequately informed

Managers should be clear about how to communicate

Authority to be given to lower levels to shorten the line of

communication

Information should be passed on to the correct person

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VERTICAL COMMUNICATON
MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPAL
VICE-PRINCIPAL
PROFESSORS
CLERKS
PEONS
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HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION
PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
PUBLIC-RELATION
DEPARTMENT

PRODUCTON
DEPARTMENT

FINANCE
DEPARTMENT
PERSONNEL
DEPARTMENT

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HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION

Flows between people at same level

Important for promoting understanding and

co-ordination among various people or departments

It is carried on through:

Face-to face discussion

Telephonic talk
Periodical meetings
Memos

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NETWORKS
not

only the linkage between computerized

communication device

The

one that link people through electronic

device, writing to each other or talking in a room
etc.

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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

IN ORGANIZATION
1.

Fan

Information is send to small or large no of people at

one time by electronic means or writing, by
Instructions, etc.
For example:- classroom instructions

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2.

Chain

Information transmitted from person to person

each one passing on the message until the last
person that needs to know is reached.
Person can transmit information in the way he
thinks the best.
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3. Large loop

Information is in the fixed form (usually a document),

Eventually returns to the person who sent it out.
For example: circular in the college.
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4.

Daisy (small loop)

Each person is approached and given an opportunity

to respond by feedback to the information conveyed.

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SMALL GROUPS
Provides

job satisfaction

Provides

loyalty

Can

be long lasting (e.g.: canteen committee)

or for short period (e.g.: pct groups)

Has

a group leader to draw conclusions and get

approved by other members of the group
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TYPICAL SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

NETWORKS

wheel

Rigid and formal in structure

Higher efficiency
Reduces morale
No job satisfaction

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Y-network

Leader draws conclusions, that will be fed back

to the group to obtain their approval, these
conclusions are then followed by all the group
members.
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circular

Rigid and formal in structure

Higher efficiency
Reduces morale
No job satisfaction
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comcon

Here the leader deals in all the direction, i.e. with

all the departments.

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GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION
_

Informal line of communication.

Transmits information in advance of, or in

addition to, the formal communication channels.

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ORIGIN OF GRAPEVINE
At the time of American civil war, the telegraph
lines were strung on the trees like vines.
Messages received from there were unclear and
confused, grapevine was blamed for this.
Thus, believed rumours has source in grapevine
and also considered as the unofficial system of
communication.
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PATTERNS OF GRAPEVINE
1. CHAIN
A

2.CLUSTER CHAIN

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3.RANDOM DIFFUSION

4.CENTRE BASED

5.FREE FLOW

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GRAPEVINE
COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
Informal

channel of communication.

It

is of four types:Single strand: flows like a chain

Gossip: one person tells everybody
Probability (random): information may
move from anybody to anybody
Cluster: moves through selected groups
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GRAPEVINE
COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
IMPORTANCE

Emotion relief

Harmony

Supplement to other channels

A fast channel

Provides feedback
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GRAPEVINE
COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
DEMERITS
_
_
_

Distortion of information
Incomplete information
Travels with destructive swiftness

TO USE IT EFFECTIVELY
_
_
_
_

To keep an eye on rumor-mongers

Use it primarily for feedback
Contradict rumors promptly
Involve the workers in the decision-making process

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