Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Memory
Picture of Memory
Address
00000000
00000001
00000002
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
FFFFFFFD
FFFFFFFE
FFFFFFFF
Data
Word
Size matters!
K
M
G
Prefix
Base 2
10
Kilo
2 = 1,024
Mega
220 = 1,048,576
Giga
230 = 1,073,741,824
Base 10
10 = 1,000
106 = 1,000,000
109 = 1,000,000,000
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2k x n ROM
k
ADRS
Data
CS
Out
OE
retains
Read-only
normal operation cannot change
contents
ROM Programming
ROM Usage
ROM Structure
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32Kx8 ROM
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12
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ROM Timing
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Address
A2A1A0
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Data
V2V1V0
000
100
110
100
101
000
011
011
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Logic-in-ROM Example
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1024 x 8 PROM
INPUTS
PROG
CS
A9
A8
A7
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
O7
O6
O5
O4
O3
O2
O1
O0
Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3
D0
D1
D2
D3
OUTPUTS
CLOCK
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Introduction to RAM
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ADDRESS
DATA
IN/OUT
RD/WR
CS
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Reading RAM
2k x n memory
k
ADDRESS
DATA
IN/OUT
RD/WR
CS
20
Reading RAM
21
Writing RAM
2k x n memory
k
ADDRESS
DATA
IN/OUT
RD/WR
CS
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Writing RAM
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Static memory
How can you implement the memory chip?
There are many different kinds of RAM.
Well start off discussing static memory, which is most commonly used in
Static memory is modeled using one latch for each bit of storage.
Why use latches instead of flip flops?
A latch can be made with only two NAND or two NOR gates, but a flip-flop
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SRAM Devices
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Address
00000000
00000001
00000002
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
FFFFFFFD
FFFFFFFE
FFFFFFFF
Data
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RAM Summary
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Dynamic memory
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DRAM Cell
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Real systems augment dynamic memory with small but fast sections of
static memory called caches.
Typical processor caches range in size from 128KB to 320KB.
Thats small compared to a 128MB main memory, but its enough to
significantly increase a computers overall speed.
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Some newer types of ROMs do allow for easier writing, although the
speeds still dont compare with regular RAMs.
MP3 players, digital cameras and other toys use CompactFlash,
Secure Digital, or MemoryStick cards for non-volatile storage.
Many devices allow you to upgrade programs stored in flash ROM.
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