PREPARATION OF

INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS
Ms. Lovelyn S. Guiang

WHAT ARE INSTRUCTIONAL

MATERIALS?
all materials that are designed for use
by pupils and their teachers as a
learning resource and help pupils to
acquire facts, skills, or opinions or to
develop
cognitive
processes.
Instructional materials may be printed
or non-printed, and may include
textbooks, technology-based materials,
other educational materials, and tests.

WHAT ARE INSTRUCTIONAL

MATERIALS?

educational resources used to

improve students knowledge,
abilities, and skills, to monitor
their
assimilation
of
information, and to contribute
to their overall development
and upbringing.

USE OF IMS
Arouse the interest of the learners
Concretize abstract concepts or ideas
Make learning permanent
Provide activities for independent learning
Increase the quality of learning; decreases
time span
Make learning interactive
Enhance the effectiveness of a teaching
strategy

KINDS OF IMS
Audio-visual
Audio-media
Multimedia
Projected visuals (Carousel, LCD,
OHP, OOHP)
Non-projected visuals
Games/Simulation

GUIDELINES IN SELECTING IMS

Appropriateness
Relevance
Color
Durability
Size
Cost
Attractiveness
Novelty

GUIDING PRINCIPLES
All IMs are aids to instruction. They
do not replace the teacher.
Choose the IM that BEST suits your
instructional objectives.
If possible, use a variety of tools.
The more senses involved in learning,
the more permanent learning
becomes.

PROPER USE OF IMS

Prepare yourself
Prepare your student
Present the material
Follow up

JEROME S. BRUNER MODEL

OF LEARNING

Symboli
c

Iconic

Enactive

EDGAR DALES CONE OF

EXPERIENCE
Visual model that presents bands of
experience arranged according to
degree of abstraction and not degree
of difficulty.
The farther you go from the bottom of
the cone, the more abstract the
experience becomes.

Ver
bal
Visual
Symbols
Recordings,
Still Pictures

Motion Pictures
Educational TV

Exhibits
Study Trips
Demonstrations
Dramatized Experiences
Contrived Experiences
Direct Purposeful Experiences

DIRECT PURPOSEFUL
EXPERIENCES
Concrete, first hand experiences
that serve as the foundation of
learning
Sensory experiences
Learning by doing
Hands-on, minds-on, and hearts-on
approach

CONTRIVED
EXPERIENCES
edited version/copies of direct experience
Used as substitutes for real things when it is
not practical or not possible to bring or do
the real thing in the classroom
Used to overcome limitations of space and
time and to overcome difficulties of size
To understand the inaccessible
Help learners understand abstractions

MODEL
A reproduction of a real
thing in a small scale, or
large scale, but made of
synthetic materials

REPLICA
A reproduction of a
real thing in an exact
size

MOCK-UP
An arrangement of a real
device or associated devices,
displayed in such a way that
representation of reality is
created.

DIORAMA
Depicts a scene, and tells a
story by itself
Usually depicts historical
scenes

SIMULATION
Representation of a real event in
which the learner is an active
participant engaged in learning a
behavior or in applying previously
acquired skills or knowledge

SPECIMEN
part of a whole
Any individual item
considered typical of
a class or group

REALIA

Real things

GAMES
Are actual activities that serve
as application for learning.
These are accompanied with
Mechanics and Rules.

DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES

Participating in a
reconstructed experience,
even though the original
event is far removed from us
in time

DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES
Formal plays
Pageants
Tableau
Pantomime
Puppets (shadow, rod, hand,
marionette)
Role playing

DEMONSTRATIONS

Visualized explanation of
an important fact, idea, or
process by the use of
photographs, drawings,
films, displays, or guided
motions

STUDY TRIPS

Excursions, educational
trips, and visits conducted
to observe an event that
is unavailable within the
classroom

EXHIBITS

Displays to be seen by
spectators
for your eyes only

EDUCATIONAL TV

Television shows

RECORDINGS, RADIO,
STILL PICTURES

VISUAL SYMBOLS

Drawings
Cartoons
Strip drawings
Diagrams
Charts

VERBAL
SYMBOLS

You are the best

instructional
material.