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ECOLOGY
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
1. Introduction
Definition of Ecology
Scope of Ecology
History of Ecology
2. Biological Organization
Basic Definitions
Units of the Biosphere
Gaia Theory
Species and Habitat
COURSE OUTLINE
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
4. Biological Communities
Communities
Terrestrial Biomes
Succession
Limnology
Community Stability
Disturbance
Problems Determining Stability
Charles Elton
COURSE OUTLINE
SECTION 1 : COMMUNITIES
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Introduction
Species status
Invasive Theories
Summarization
Island Biogeography
Endemism
Habitat Fragmentation
Metapopulation Theory
COURSE OUTLINE
SECTION 2 : POPULATIONS
9. Species and Populations
Species Concept
Population Biology
Predation
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
10.Resource Competition
Population Growth
Competition Types
Modeling Interspecific Competition
Types of Predation
Herbivory
Plant Defenses
Predator-Prey Models
12.Parasitism
Introduction
Types of Parasitism
The Host
Parasite Community Effects
COURSE OUTLINE
SECTION 3 : ECOSYSTEM
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
13.Ecosystems
Introduction
Ecosystem Concept
Basic Structural Components
Characteristics of Ecosystems
Basic Functional Components
Food Webs
14.Energy in Ecosystems
Introduction
Energy
Organisms Role in the Flow of Energy
The Laws of Thermodynamics as They Relate to Ecology
Measuring Energy Flow
15.Biogeochemical Cycles
Introduction
Biogeochemical Cycles
Soil
COURSE OUTLINE
SECTION 4 : ECOLOGY AND LIFE
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Manatee
Short-Tailed Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
North American River Otter
Pinewoods Treefrog
Cottonmouth Snake
17.Practical Ecology
Practical Vegetation Sampling
Definition of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Definition of Ecology
Scientific study of interactions among
organisms and their environment Wiki
Ecology is an interdisciplinary field
that includes biology and Earth
science Wiki
CommonTerms in Ecology
Environment - The sum total of physical and
biotic conditions that influence an organism
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
(Kendeigh, 1961).
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
lithosphere(the land),
hydrosphere(the water), and
atmosphere(the air).
SCOPE OF ECOLOGY
Humanity has been studying nature for thousands
of years and formally for several centuries under
the science of biology.
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
SCOPE OF ECOLOGY
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
SCOPE OF ECOLOGY
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Strong Inference
More advantageous because weak
inference is more prone to error.
Weak inference makes people try to cling
to one point of view.
Strong inference (doing experimentation)
causes people to think from more than
one point of view and keep coming up
with different hypotheses to test as their
old hypotheses get falsified
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
SCOPE OF ECOLOGY
Ecology has no aim, but ecologists
have. The problems of the ecologist are
not fundamentally different from those
of any other kind of naturalist. The
superficial differences in aim are due to
the different points of view, or methods
of approach, rather than to any
essential differences in the character of
the problems (Charles Adams, 1913;
cited in Hedgepeth, 1957).
SCOPE OF ECOLOGY
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Ecologists study
1. structural, functional, and behavioral
adaptations of organisms in relation to their
environment.
2. interrelationships between species and their
populations, and populations in their
communities.
3. local and geographic distributions of organisms;
4. regional variations in organism abundances;
5. temporal changes in the distribution,
abundance, and behaviors of organisms; and
6. evolution of the interrelationships described.
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
SCOPE OF ECOLOGY
Ecology is both a biological and
an environmental science,
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Biogeographic regions
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Branches of Ecology
By geographic or climatic area under study
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
By philosophical approach
Ecosophy
Applied ecology the practice of employing
ecological principles and understanding to solve real
world problems (includes agroecology and
conservation biology);
Conservation ecology which studies how to reduce
the risk of species extinction;
Deep ecology
Restoration ecology which attempts to understand
the ecological basis needed to restore impaired or
damaged ecosystems;
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY
Branches of Ecology
INTRODUCTION | ECOLOGY