TEACHING READING & WRITING

Dr. Mohd Hilmi bin Hamzah/Dr. Mahani

Stapa
Language Academy
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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Reading

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 If you walk into a table and know

nothing about the animal, let them talk,
listen to their heart beat, observe their
movement, and determine whether they
really want to care or just want to buy
some books.

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Reading Processes

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Language Processing
Bottom-Up
Top-Down

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Bottom-Up Approach
Message

Language Data
Vocabulary
Grammar
sounds

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Top-Down Approach
Message
Content schema
Textual schema

Language Data
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Interactive Approach
Proposed by Rumelhart (1997).
Accepted as the most comprehensive
description of the reading process.
A constant interaction between bottom-up
and top-down processing in reading
Good readers are both good decoders and
good interpreters of texts.
Include intensive and extensive reading.
(Anderson 2003; Eskey and Grabe 1988)

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Intensive and Extensive Readin

Types of reading

Intensive

Extensive

Short passages

Longer texts

To teach specific reading

skills and strategies.

To practise skills and

strategies learnt ealier.
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Skills
Skimming
scanning

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SQ3R Technique
Survey: skim the text for an overview of
main ideas
Question: the reader asks questions about
what he or she wishes to get out of the text
Read: read the text while looking for answers
to the previously formulated questions.
Recite: reprocess the salient points of the
text through oral or written language
Review: assess the importance of what one
has just read and incorporate it into longterm associations.
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Classroom Reading Techniqu

Activate prior knowledge
Cultivate vocabulary
Teach for comprehension
Increase reading rate
Verify reading strategies
Evaluate progress.
(Anderson 2003)
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Writing
Involve making very explicit the
grammatical role of words.
Intensive bottom-up
Expression of ideas in a coherent form

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Elements of Writing

Subject matter
Purpose
Interaction and a sense of audience
Language
Conventions
Thinking skills
Organisational skills
Value systems
Mechanics
The writing process
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Writing Stages

Generating ideas
Planning
Drafting
Structuring
reviewing

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Materials for teaching writing skill

Pictures in series
Maps and charts
Tables or data
Questions in sequence to elicit details
Advertisement
Newspapers articles
Stories, poems and other reading
materials.
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References

Abraham, D. 1987. Planning and Teaching: Practical Suggestions for English in the
Classroom. KL: Fajar Bakti.
Anderson, N. 2003. Reading. In Nunan, D. (ed.). Practical English Language
Teaching. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
Brown, H.D. 2001. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language
Pedagogy (2nd Edition). USA: Longman.
Celce-Murcia, M. 2001. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language (3rd
Edition). USA: Heinle & Heinle.
Elspeth Broady. 2005. The four language skills or juggling simultaneous
constraints. In James A. Coleman and John Klapper (eds.). Learning and
Teaching in Modern Languages. London: Routledge.
Eskey, D.E. and W. Grabe. 1988. Interactive Models to Second Language Reading:
Perspective on Instruction. In Carrel, P.L. and D.E. Eskey (eds.). Interactive
Approaches to Second Language Reading. Cambridge: CUP
Nunan, D. 2003. Practical English Language Teaching. Singapore: McGraw Hill.

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