PERSONAL WIRELESS

SYSTEMSWIFI,IR,BLUETOOTH
NIKHIL.M.N
15MES1043

Introduction
Wireless Technology is an alternative to Wired
Technology, which is commonly used, for
connecting devices in wireless mode.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a generic term that
refers to the IEEE 802.11 communications
standard for Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs).
Wi-Fi Network connect computers to each other,
to the internet and to the wired network.

Wi-Fi Technology
Wi-Fi Networks use Radio Technologies to
transmit & receive data at high speed :

IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11g

IEEE 802.11b
Appear in late 1999
Operates at 2.4GHz radio spectrum
11 Mbps (theoretical speed) - within 30 m
Range
4-6 Mbps (actual speed)
100 -150 feet range
Most popular, Least Expensive
Interference from mobile phones and
Bluetooth devices

which can reduce the transmission speed.

IEEE 802.11a

Introduced in 2001
Operates at 5 GHz (less popular)
54 Mbps (theoretical speed)
15-20 Mbps (Actual speed)
50-75 feet range
More expensive
Not compatible with 802.11b

IEEE 802.11g

Introduced in 2003

Combine the feature of both standards (a,b)

100-150 feet range

54 Mbps Speed

2.4 GHz radio frequencies

Compatible with b

ELEMENT OF A Wi-Fi NETWORK

Access Point (AP) - The AP is a wireless LAN transceiver
or base station that can connect one or many wireless
devices simultaneously to the Internet.

Wi-Fi cards - They accept the wireless signal and relay

information.They can be internal and external.(e.g
PCMCIA Card for Laptop and PCI Card for Desktop PC.)

Safeguards - Firewalls and anti-virus software protect

networks from uninvited users and keep information secure.

Wi-Fi NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

AP-based topology (Infrastructure Mode)

Peer-to-peer topology (Ad-hoc Mode)

Point-to-multipoint bridge topology

AP BASED TOPOLOGY
The client communicate through
Access Point.

PEER-TO-PEER TOPOLOGY
AP is not required. Client devices within a cell can
communicate directly with each other.
Client devices within a cell can communicate directly with
each other.

POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT BRIDGE
TOPOLOGY
This is used to connect a LAN in one building to a LANs in
other buildings even if the buildings are miles apart. These
conditions receive a clear line of sight between buildings. The
line-of-sight range varies based on the type of wireless bridge
and antenna used as well as the environmental conditions.

Advantages of wif

Convience.
Mobility.
Deployment.
Expandability
Cost.

Dis-advantages of wif

Security.
Range.
Reliabality.
Speed.

INFRARED
INFRARED=INFRA+RED
Infra means below, infrared comprises
of wavelength below red.
The infrared radiation was discovered by
William Herschel, the astronomer, in
the early 19th century.

Infrared is an invisible radiant energy,

electromagnetic radiation with longer
wavelength than visible light.

Range
Ir spans very short distances.
Short-range communication (under 5
meter).
Works in direct line of sight.

Infrared transmission
Infrared transmission refers to
energy in the region of the
electromagnetic radiation spectrum
at wavelength longer than those of
visible light but shorter than those of
radio waves.

Infrared Transmitter
Infrared transmitter uses an infrared
light-emitting diode (LED) or laser
diode for transmission.

Infrared Receiver
Photodiode detects and captures the
light pulses which are then processed
to retrieve the information they
contain.

Infrared Technology
Infrared technology allows computing
devices to communicate via shortrange wireless signals.
With infrared, computers can transfer
fles and other digital data
bidirectionally.

IR -Advantage

Low power requirement

Simple and low cost hardware.
High security.
High noise immunity.

IR-DISADVANTAGE

Line of sight is required.

Blocked by surrounding materials.
Suitable for short range.
Effected by environment parameters
like light and weather.
Data rate transmission is lower.

Application

Remote control for TV

Smart phones
Printers
Play stations
Image scanners
Home security system

Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology
used to transfer data between
various electronic devices.
It was invented in 1994 by ercisson.
Bluetooth operates around 2.4GHz
Distance of data transmission is
smaller when compared to other
modes.

Bluetooth Specifcation

Standard: IEEE 802.15

ISM Band Frequency: 2.4 GHz
Range: 10 100 meters
Channel Bandwidth: 1 Mbps
Maximum Asymmetric Data Transfer
Rate: 721 Kbps

Types of Bluetooth Wireless

Technology
Depending on the power consumption
and range of the device, there are 3
Bluetooth Classes as:
Class 1: Max Power 100mW ; Range
100 m
Class 2: Max Power 2.5mW ;
Range 10 m
Class 3: Max Power 1mW ;
Range 1 m

How to reduce interference?

BWT devices hop randomly between
frequencies up to 1600 times per
second.
So,if another device using a 2.4 GHz
frequency ,then the interference
with the BWT network lasts only for
about 1/1600 of a second.
By then, the devices hop to another
frequency.

Characteristic features of bluetooth

Bluetooth is low powered and low
cost.
All the devices follow a uniform
structure
Devices Connect through network
called Pico nets.
Strength lies in handling data and
video transmission simultaneously.

Continued
Specification- Bluetooth specification
gives developers data link and application
layer definitions
Spectrum-Bluetooth operates between 2.4
and 2.485 GHz using a frequency hopping
spread spectrum.
Interference- is reduced using Adaptive
Frequency Hopping allowing a better
efficiency and greater performance.

Bluetooth uses frequency hopping

spread spectrum
There exists a master-slave relation
between devices.
A device in master mode can
communicate with upto seven slave
devices.
Bluetooth devices work in a short range
to conserve the battery power.
Low Interference
Provides basic level of security .

Bluetooth Topology
i.PICONET TOPOLOGY.
ii.SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY.

i.Piconet Topology
A piconet consists of upto 8 BWTenabled devices.
When piconet is established, one
device sets up frequency-hopping
pattern and other devices
synchronize their signals to the same
pattern.
Each piconet has a different
frequency-hopping pattern

Piconet Topology

ii.Scatternet Topology
Scatternet consists of several piconets
connected by devices participating in
multiple piconet.
There is a BRIDGE connecting 2 piconets
which is also a slave in individual piconets.
Advantages of Scatternet :
Higher throughput
Multi-hop connections between devices
indifferent piconets

Advantages

Wireless
Inexpensive
Automatic
Interoperability
Low interference and energy consumption.
Share voice and data
Instant PAN
Upgradeable
Long lasting technology.
Easy link establishment

Dis-advantages
Data rate and security
More susceptible to Interception and
attack
Less range
Average Speed
Short Life

Questions
Explain in detail about the personal communication technique which got
amended into ieee 802.11b?
wifi technology
Explain the features of technique which combines 802.11b and 802.11a to
overcome speed and range problem.
802.11g.
Explain in detail about various wifi elements,and communication which takes
place through access point?
AP based technology
What is the signifacance of LED and photodiode in IR transmission.
For transmitting and receiving.
Explain the technique through which probability of interference could be reduced
in bluetooth techology.
Frequency hopping.