ENEM14011: ENERGY

CONVERSION
Nozzles and Jet Propulsion:
Part 1 (Chapter 10)
Week 8
Course Coordinator and Lecturer
Associate Professor Mohammad Rasul
Building : 30 Room: 1.14
Phone: 49309676
Email: m.rasul@cqu.edu.au

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

What is a Nozzle?
A nozzle is a mechanical device or orifice which is designed to
control the characteristics of a fluid flow as it exits (or enters) an
enclosed chamber or pipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and
it can be used
-- to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas)
-- to obtain a high-velocity stream of fluid.

Uses of nozzles
Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed,
direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that
emerges from them and they are also used in steam and gas
turbines, in jet engines, in rocket motors and in many other
applications.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Types of Nozzles:

Gas jet, fluid jet, or hydro jet

A gas jet, fluid jet, or hydro jet is a nozzle intended to eject gas or fluid
in a coherent stream into a surrounding medium. Gas jets are
commonly found in gas stoves ovens, or barbecues.
Other types of fluid jets are found in carburettors, where smooth
calibrated orifices are used to regulate the flow of fuel into an engine.

High velocity nozzles

Convergent Nozzle
-- Nozzles can be described as convergent which is narrowing down
from a wide diameter to a smaller diameter in the direction of the flow.
-- Convergent nozzles accelerate subsonic fluids. If the nozzle pressure
ratio is high enough, the flow will reach sonic velocity at the narrowest
point (i.e. the nozzle throat). In this situation, the nozzle is said to be
choked.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Divergent Nozzle
-- It is defined as a nozzle which is expanding from a smaller
diameter to a larger one.
-- Divergent nozzles slowdown fluids, if the flow is subsonic, but
accelerate sonic or supersonic fluids.
Convergent-divergent nozzle
Convergent-divergent nozzle (CD nozzle or con-di nozzle) is used
as a means of accelerating the flow of a gas passing through it to
a supersonic speed. It is widely used in some types of steam
turbine and is an essential part of the modern rocket engine and
supersonic jet engines.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Diagram of a Convergent
divergent nozzle
showing approximate
flow velocity increasing
from green to red
in the direction of flow

Magnetic nozzles:
Magnetic nozzles have also been proposed for some types of
propulsion, such as ( The Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket) VASIMR, in which the flow of plasma is directed by
magnetic fields instead of walls made of solid matter.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Spray nozzles
Venturi tube nozzles are used for spray painting, perfumes,
carburettors for internal combustion engines, spray on
deodorants, antiperspirants and many other uses.

Vacuum nozzles
Vacuum cleaner nozzles come in several different shapes.

Shaping nozzles
Some nozzles are shaped to produce a stream that is of a
particular shape. For example extrusion moulding is a way of
producing lengths of metals or plastics or other materials with a
particular cross-section. These nozzles are typically referred to as
a die.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Nozzle Technology
It is required to find the shape of duct which will cause the fluid
to accelerate to a high velocity as pressure falls along the duct.
Assumptions:
(1)Heat loss from the duct is
negligible (i.e. adiabatic flow,
Q=0).
(2) No work is done on or by the
fluid.
(3) Process undergone is isentropic
(adiabatic and reversible).
Figure 1 Convergent-divergent nozzle

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Applying steady flow energy equation we get,

C12
C2
&
&
m h1
Z1g Q W m h
Zg
2
2

The velocity C is

C 2 h1 h C

2
1

1
2

If the area at the section X-X is A, and the specific volume is

Mass flow, m =

CA

or Area per unit mass flow,

m C

we can write,

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

It is seen from this figure that
the area decreases initially,
reaches minimum and then
increases again.

Figure 2 Cross-sectional area, velocity

and specific volume variations with
pressure through a nozzle.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

When specific volume increases less
rapidly than C, then the area decreases;
When specific volume increases more
rapidly than the area increases.
Throat--- minimum area
Velocity of sound--- the velocity at the
throat of a nozzle operating at its
Figure 3 Cross-section through a
designed pressure ratio is the velocity
convergent-divergent nozzle. of sound at the throat conditions.
Subsonic --- flow velocity up to the
throat
Supersonic --- flow velocity after throat.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Critical pressure, Temperature and Velocity Ratio
Critical pressure ratio:
Critical pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of the pressure at the
section where sonic velocity is attained to the inlet pressure of the
nozzle.
Consider a nozzle shown in figure
In most application, velocity at inlet (C 1) is
negligible which implies very large area at
inlet. Neglecting C1, we have,

C 2 h1 h

1
2

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

To find out the value of the pressure ratio at which

the area is minimum, it is necessary to differentiate
this equation with respect to pressure ratio and
equate the results to zero.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Critical pressure ratio:

pc

p1

For a perfect gas, the pressure ratio required to attain sonic

on the value of for the gas.
velocity in a nozzle depends only
Critical temperature ratio: The ratio of the temperature at the
section of the nozzle where the velocity is sonic to the inlet
temperature is called the critical temperature ratio.
i.e., Critical temperature ratio

Tc

=1
T

p c

p1

2
1

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Critical velocity:
Critical velocity, Cc = RT

1
2

The critical velocity is given by the above equation is the velocity

at the throat of a correctly deigned convergent-divergent nozzle or
the velocity at the exit of a convergent nozzle when the pressure
ratio across the nozzle is the critical pressure ratio.
1
2

Again, velocity of sound, a p RT

1
2

It is seen from the above equation that the critical velocity of a

perfect gas in a nozzle , is the velocity of sound in the gas at the
critical temperature.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Maximum Mass Flow

Figure: Convergent nozzle with

back-pressure variation.

--This is a convergent nozzle.

--Valve is controlling the back
pressure ( Pb ).
--If Pb = P1, no fluid flow
through the nozzle.
--If Pb is less than p1, the mass
flow through the nozzle
increases, since the enthalpy
drops, and hence the velocity
increases.
--When Pb reaches the critical
value, it is found that no
reduction in back pressure can
affect the mass flow.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

--When Pb is exactly equal to critical pressure(Pc), the velocity
at the exit is sonic and mass flow is at its maximum.
The maximum mass flow through a convergent nozzle is
obtained when the pressure ratio across the nozzle is the
critical pressure ratio.
When a nozzle operates with the maximum mass flow it is
said to be chocked
A correctly designed convergent-divergent nozzle is always choked.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Nozzles off the design pressure ratio
Under-expand
-- when the back pressure of a nozzle is below the design value, the
nozzle is said to be under-expand.
-- the fluids expands to the design pressure in the nozzle and then
expands irreversibly down to the back pressure on leaving the nozzle.
Over-expand
-- when the back pressure of a nozzle is above the design value, the
nozzle is said to be over-expand.
-- in overexpansion in a convergent nozzle the exit pressure is greater
than the critical pressure and the effect is to reduce the mass flow
through the nozzle.
-- in a convergent-divergent nozzle there is always an expansion
followed by a recompression.

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Nozzles off the Designed Pressure ratio Convergent nozzle

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Nozzles off the Designed Pressure
ratio Convergent-divergent nozzle

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Nozzle efficiency
The flow through the nozzle is irreversible due to the existence of
friction between fluid and walls of the nozzle, and even between
fluid itself.

Figure. Nozzle expansion processes for (a) a

vapour
and (b) a perfect gas on T-s digram

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Nozzle efficiency is defined by the ratio of the actual enthalpy
drop to the isentropic enthalpy drop between the same pressure.
i.e. Nozzle efficiency = h1 h 2
h1 h 2s
For a perfect gas the above equation is reduced to
Nozzle efficiency

c p T1 T2
c p (T1 T2s )

T1 T2
T1 T2s

C 22 C12
Again, Nozzle efficiency = 2
(using steady flow equation)
C 2s C12

When the inlet velocity C1 is very small, neglecting the value of C1

we have,
Nozzle efficiency =

C 22

C 22s

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

The velocity coefficient is the square root of the nozzle
efficiency, when the inlet velocity is assumed to be negligible.
i.e.

C2
Velocity coefficient
C 2s

The co-efficient of discharge is the ratio of the actual mass flow

through the nozzle, m, to the mass flow which would be passed if
the flow were isentropic, ms
i.e.

Coefficient of disch arg e =

m
ms

Nozzles and Jet Propulsion

Exercise 1: Air at 8.6 bar and 190 0C expands at the rate of 4.5
kg/s through a convergent-divergent nozzle into a space at 1.03
bar. Assuming that the inlet velocity is negligible, calculate the
throat and the exit cross sectional areas of the nozzle.
Solution: work out example 10.1

Exercise 2: Calculate the throat and exit areas of a nozzle to

expand air at the rate of 4.5 kg/s from 8.3 bar, 327 0C into a
space at 1.38 bar. Neglect the inlet velocity and assume isentropic
flow.
Solution: This problem will be solved at lecture class.

Thank You!

Any
Questions?