Linear Displacement

Fluid velocity have constant direction at every point

within the system and for all time.
It is the limiting case of number of displacements like
gas cap expansion, water-drive expansion, water
injection into an aquifer etc.
Study of Linear Displacement in water or gas as a
displacing fluids and oil as a displaced fluid is
categories into
The theory of frontal displacement and.
The theory of piston like displacement.

Linear Displacement
The theory of frontal displacement.
o It was derived by Buckley Leverret .
o Assumptions made during derivation process.
Linear displacement.
Diffuse equation applies.
One dimensional fluid flow.
Constant cross section area of the porous media (reservoir).
The fluid is incompressible (constant density ).
Viscocity of the fluid does not change with pressure.
Porosity and Permeability of the porous media are constant.
Temperature within a system is constant

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Derivations of the Frontal linear displacement
flow equations by Buckly-Leverett theory.
PE 404, LINEAR DISPLACEMENT PDF.pdf

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Typical water fraction flow and its derivative
with respect to its saturation plots as a function
of water saturation .

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Typical plot of water saturation change as a
function of position.

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Determination of the front water saturation.

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Average water saturation behind the front
determination.

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At a time of water break through, recovery
factor can be computed as;

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Recovery factor after water break through.

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Effect of Mobility ratio on the fraction flow
curve
The efficiency of water flooding depending
much on the mobility ratio of the displacing
and displaced fluids
Mobility ratio is the function of viscosity and
relative permeability of the fluids.

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Mobility ratio is defined as:

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Effect of Mobility ratio on the fraction flow curve
The higher the oil viscosity the higher the mobility
ratio. The S shape curve will shift to the left. The
water fraction flow will be higher for the given water
saturation.
The less the oil viscosity vice verse of the above point.
Ultimate recovery is obtained when there is no S
shape on the fraction flow curve. (No inflection point).

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Effect of gravity on the fraction flow curve
In non - horizontal system with water at the
bottom and production at the top, gravity will
contribute to the higher recovery efficiency.

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How fraction flow curve are constructed.
For relatively homogeneous reservoir, the
application of flow equation need the
knowledge of two relative permeabilities as a
function of water saturation. i.e

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It is necessary to perform a laboratory
experiments on the large number of
representative samples.
From those experiments, average curve for
each relative permeability are obtained.

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However the application of flow equation
requires only the knowledge of the ratio,

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This can be obtained by :
Laboratory experiment as before.
Measuring the ratio of producing, wateroil ratio or
gas oil ratio during natural depletion period.
Calculating the average saturations in the reservoir
at the same time by material balance.
Observing the results of either water or gas
displacing oil at the first line of production wells
during the first phase of enhanced recovery project.

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Piston like displacement.
The theory is extreme simplification of the
displacement problem of either water or gas
displacing oil.
It assumes that there is no displaced fluid
movement (oil) behind the front.
In practical terms, this implies that the oil
saturation behind the front is at its residual value.
It some times called ideal or perfect displacement.

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Microscopic displacement efficiency
Piston like displacement is given as

for

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Saturation profiles along with distance from
injection well piston like displacement.