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AND
BLOOD STAINS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Stabbing
Mauling
Hit and run
Rape
Paternity cases
Robbery/ burglary
BLOOD
Has been called the circulating tissue of the
body
Made up of formed elements suspended in
a liquid called plasma
Highly complex mixtures of cells, enzymes,
proteins and inorganic substances
About 6 quarts of blood in a average size
man.
It is opaque
slightly alkaline(normal pH is 7.35-7.45)
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
1. 35% formed elements
a) Red blood cells or erythrocytes- contains
hemoglobin and carries oxygen to various
tissue in the body.
b) White blood cells or leukocytes- defends
the body from invading microorganism and
help fight infection
c) Blood platelets or thrombocytes- produced
by the bone marrow and responsible for
proper clotting of blood.
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
2. 65% plasma fluid portion of the blood
where cells are suspended.
a) 90% water
b) 10% solid largely protein in nature and
consists of the following:
albumen the most abundant protein of the
blood
globulins important role in the immune
mechanism of the body.
fibrinogen soluble precursors of fibrin
which forms blood clot.
A-B-O SYSTEM
In blood grouping of fresh blood A-BO system is used.
It was Landsteiner in 1900, who
discovered the four blood groups
namely group A, B, O and AB
He named the 4 groups based on the
basis of the agglutinogen or antigen
contents of the RBC
A-B-O SYSTEM
Agglutinogens or Antigens are
characteristic chemical structures or
principles that are founds on the
surface of the RBC which stimulates
the production of agglutinins.
There are 2 agglutinogens classified
as Agglutinogen A and agglutinogen
B.
A-B-O SYSTEM
On the other hand serum contains
proteins or principles known as
antibodies or agglutinins, which
cause agglutination or clumping of
RBC
They are anti-toxin substances within
the body, which reacts when
confronted with a specific antigens to
protect the system.
There are 2 agglutinins classified as
anti-A and anti-B
Blood Types
AA or AO = Type A
BB or BO = Type B
OO = Type O
AB = Type AB
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
46.1%
38.8%
11.1%
3.9%
43.3%
26.3%
24.7%
5.7%
Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace
blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a persons
body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Who can give you blood?
Universal Donor
B
AB
Universal Recipient
Rh Factors
Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys
to learn more about the human anatomy
because there are certain similarities between
the two species. While studying Rhesus
monkeys, a certain blood protein was
discovered. This protein is also present in the
blood of some people. Other people, however,
do not have the protein.
The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is
referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
If your blood does contain the protein, your
blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your
blood does not contain the protein, your blood
is said to be Rh negative (Rh-).
http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html
A+
B+
AB+
O+
ABABO-
POSSIBLE TYPE OF
CHILDREN
NOT POSSIBLE
OxO
A,B,AB
AxO
A,O
B, AB
AxA
A,O
B, AB
BxO
B,O
A, AB
BxB
B,O
A, AB
AxB
O,A,B,AB
NONE
AB x O
A,B
O, AB
AB x A
A,B,AB
AB x B
A,B,AB
AB x AB
A,B,AB